Caps of the world: how ordinary trash turns into good deeds. Creative project “new life of a plastic bottle” Additional PR and fundraising
Nathaniel Wyeth was born into the family of famous artist and illustrator Newell Converse Wyeth. His brother Andrew and both sisters followed in their father's footsteps, but little Nat, already at the age of three, showed a clear interest in mechanisms (for example, the springs and brakes of his stroller).
After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, Nat worked for Delco, but after a while he moved to the chemical concern DuPont, where his inventive talent truly showed itself: from improvements such as non-clogging valves and magnetic rollers for the production of Typar polypropylene nonwoven fabric to a fully automatic machine for production of dynamite sticks. But Nathaniel began working on his most famous invention in 1967.
In one of his conversations with colleagues, he suggested making bottles for carbonated drinks out of plastic. The interlocutors expressed the opinion that plastic will not withstand the pressure of carbon dioxide. That evening, Nat bought a plastic bottle of detergent, poured the contents into the sink at home, poured ginger ale inside and put it in the refrigerator. The next morning the bottle swelled and was caught between the shelves.
Wyeth began experimenting with different types of polymers. He knew that nylon could be strengthened by orienting its molecules, but in this case it was necessary to increase the strength of the material in two directions! The solution was a bottle mold with cross-cut lines so that the polymer molecules lined up as needed during pressing.
The final touch was the replacement of polypropylene with the more elastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Bottles made from polyethylene terephthalate were transparent, light, durable, elastic and completely safe.
Another important advantage of polyethylene terephthalate is that it is excellent for recycling.
Although recycling was not a priority in 1973 when Nathaniel Wyeth patented the process, bottles began to be recycled in 1977. Today, this polymer is the main component of recycling - this is how almost half of all polyester fibers are produced in the United States.
Plastic bottles
Plastic bottles are widely used in households. In third world countries, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers have a significant demand; in Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in the markets.
In African countries, sandals are made from flattened one and a half liter bottles. Bottles are used to make birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots, used to protect young rice shoots, hung on fences as scarecrows to keep out crows, and used as waterproof caps on the tops of posts. In Indonesia - stabilizers to give stability to fishing boats.
The first plastic bottle, ubiquitous today, was invented recently.
In order to think well and understand science, you should periodically go on a trip, no matter where, the main thing at this moment is to throw everything out of your head and be alone, only with your thoughts and people close to you.
The history of the invention of the plastic bottle
Initially, ceramics and glass were the medium of choice for bottles. Many large archaeological sites use ceramic and glass shards as a method of dating their finds and these were really the only choice until the late 19th century.
The first plastic bottle first appeared on the scene in 1875, but was surprisingly expensive because science was only recently beginning to understand the many different types, compositions and properties of plastic. One of the first plastics was called Galalite. It was created with milk proteins and formaldehyde, but ultimately proved unsafe for long-term benefit.
Another early plastic was the more familiar name Bakelite from the early 1900s. The first plastic bottle was made using only synthetic materials. The real success was the early Bakelite products, which are still sought after by collectors and historians. It was a synthetic plastic that was heat resistant and did not conduct electricity. Bakelite heralded the invention of plastics in the modern century.
Since the 1960s, the first plastic bottle has become the new standard. The ingredient is made up of a complex chain of molecules, and polyethylene is still widely used today. For our own consolidated product containers, we use high-density plastics to create containers that can bend under external forces.
In 1981, consolidated plastics began to develop new plastic technology, exploring new generations of plastic products and innovative methods, such as blow molding. Blow molding is now used differently than the first plastic bottle. This technology ensures product uniformity and maintains higher standards in shape and size.
The value of plastic for containers
At the moment, a plastic bottle is found almost everywhere, so it is impossible to surprise anyone with plastic. And all thanks to the fact that relatively recently they appeared on the shelves of our stores and became an integral part of our daily life. It is difficult to even imagine what life would be like if thermoplastics had not been invented.
It is important to say that thermoplastic containers have recently appeared among the population. Residents of Western countries saw it for the first time since 1960. It was not quite an ordinary thermoplastic, it was more fragile, because it did not have one component that was invented already in 1973. But even despite this, the population liked the packaging of that time, and people began to prioritize buying products from the creators of the first plastic bottle.
After this, the production of plastic bottles was well adjusted, because as a result, many had to greatly adjust their production workshops, including.
Life for most drinks has indeed changed a lot since the invention of thermoplastics. Only the largest corporations were the first to use it in their production: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. By the way, it was from them that the inhabitants of the modern CIS learned what plastic bottles are.
STORY
It is used as a raw material for the production of PET bottles. polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate was first produced in 1941 by specialists from British Calico Printers (England) in the form of a synthetic fiber. Copyrights for the use of the new material were acquired by DuPont and ICI, which in turn sold licenses for the use of polyethylene terephthalate fiber to many other companies.
Until the mid-60s, PET was used to create textile fibers, after which it began to be used to make packaging films, and in the early 70s, the first one was born at DuPont. PET bottle(DuPont wanted a plastic container that could compete with glass in the manufacture of containers for dispensing carbonated and still drinks).
Today, the production of food containers is the most significant area of application of PET granules. The pioneers in creating the first industrial blow molding machines were the companies Sidel (France) and Krupp Corpoplast (Germany).*
* Transformed into SIG Corpoplast GmbH, part of the SIG Beverages group of companies.
PROPERTIES OF PET CONTAINERS
The benefits of PET are numerous. A typical half-liter PET bottle weighs about 28 g, while a standard bottle of the same volume made of glass can weigh about 350 g. PET is completely transparent, a bottle made from this material looks clean, attractive, natural transparency material makes it ideal for bottling sparkling water. In addition, PET can be dyed, for example, green or brown, to ensure that the appearance of the product best suits consumer needs. The use of plastic bottles helps eliminate such an unpleasant effect as broken containers during transportation, which is typical for glass containers, while PET, like glass, is perfectly (and completely) recyclable. In general, at present, PET packaging, with its limitless innovative potential and wide possibilities in terms of design, is viewed, rather, not as a competitor to glass containers, but as a material that can open up completely new markets and give rise to completely new consumer priorities.
A significant disadvantage of PET containers is their relatively low barrier properties. It allows ultraviolet rays and oxygen to pass into the bottle and carbon dioxide out, which degrades the quality and shortens the shelf life of beer. This is due to the fact that the high-molecular structure of polyethylene terephthalate is not an obstacle to gases that have small molecular sizes relative to the polymer chains. The maximum shelf life of beer in PET varies; it largely depends on the region in which bottling is carried out.
Thus, according to German standards, beer in PET becomes unfit for consumption after just two weeks, but according to ours, it can be stored for three to four months. However, all experts agree on one thing: maximizing the degree of gas and light impermeability of a plastic bottle, and, accordingly, the shelf life of beer, is an urgent problem. The companies Sidel, SIG Corpoplast and Sipa are especially active in solving this problem.
The main, most promising areas are recognized (in chronological order): the use of multilayer technology , production of bottles from alternative plastics , entering into PET special "barrier" additives And spraying “barrier” layers from another material . In addition, work is underway to bottle shape optimization to achieve the best surface to volume ratio.
Multilayer bottle
Multilayer technology is perhaps the most widespread and reliable today, as it has been tested over time. A bottle produced using this technology resembles a layer cake: between the film layers of polyethylene terephthalate there is a layer (or layers) of a special polymer that prevents the penetration of gas and ultraviolet rays (passive barrier) or absorbs oxygen (active barrier). The outer and inner layers of the bottle are usually made of pure PET. Depending on the number of internal “barrier” layers, the total number of film layers ranges from three to five. The most significant disadvantage of multilayer packaging is the higher (relative to conventional single-layer) price - equipment for the production of multilayer PET bottles costs, on average, twice as much as usual. Multilayer PET bottles are used by such well-known companies as Budweiser, Carlsberg, Grolsch, Holsten, Miller and others to bottle their brands.
Another disadvantage is that the use of multilayer technology for the production of PET bottles limits the possibility of its recycling. At the same time, three-layer technology is used in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand to recycle recycled PET: it is placed between film layers of new polyethylene terephthalate. The barrier properties of such a bottle do not improve at all, but from an environmental point of view such a move can be justified.
Passive barrier
The most “popular” today is the technically simplest three-layer PET bottle, in which a layer of nylon (most often Nylon MXD6) is located between two layers of polyethylene terephthalate. The advantages of nylon are good barrier properties, high transparency, and low cost. Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVON) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) have even better barrier properties. But EVA has a noticeable drawback: it loses its protective qualities when exposed to humidity. The shelf life of beer in a multilayer PET bottle using these protective layers increases from four to six times.
Active barrier
Today we can call the copolyester oxygen absorber "Amosorb" as a purely active barrier. Most companies prefer to work on creating combined versions of barrier layers that not only absorb oxygen, but also do not allow carbon dioxide to pass through. Among the most famous materials are "Aegis", "Amazon", "Bind-Ox", "DarEVAL", "Oxbar", "SurShield". According to experts, the cost of a PET bottle with active barriers is almost an order of magnitude higher than a similar single-layer container.
Spraying a barrier layer
Spraying a layer with increased barrier properties is a very expensive process. To carry it out, it is necessary to additionally purchase special equipment, including vacuum machines costing from 1 to 1.5 million Euros.
But so far these technologies, due to their extreme high cost, have not become widespread. Spraying can be both internal and external. Internal sputtering is created using so-called “plasma technology”. In this method, a PET bottle is filled with a special gas mixture, after which it is exposed to a powerful microwave pulse. As a result of this, the gas mixture turns into a plasma state for an insignificant period of time, after which it settles in a thin layer on the walls of the bottle. The most well-known carbon mixtures are “Actis”, “DLC” mixtures, as well as “Glaskin”, “VPP” mixtures. In addition, the technology of spraying quartz glass onto the inner surface of the bottle is used (technology from SIG Corpoplast and HiCoTec). For external spraying, a PET bottle is placed in a special chamber with a gas mixture, which is deposited on the outer surface of the container. For this, sprays "Bairocade", "SprayCoat", "Sealica" are used.
Application of barrier additives
For the most part, the same barrier materials that are used in the manufacture of multilayer containers are used as additives. This is the most inexpensive way to increase the barrier properties of a PET bottle. Most often, "Amosorb" (as an oxygen absorber), nylon and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are added to polyethylene terephthalate. But here a dilemma arises: the greater the number of additives added to PET, the higher the barrier properties of the bottle and the more expensive it is. In addition, a large number of additives leads to turbidity of PET. The golden mean when using PEN as an additive is a value of 8-10%.
Alternative materials
The main alternative material for making a plastic beer bottle is still polyethylene naphthalate. PEN has high barrier and heat-resistant properties (an order of magnitude higher than PET), which extends the shelf life of beer and allows it to be pasteurized. At the same time, the price of this polymer is still quite high (relative to polyethylene terephthalate), which limits its widespread use. The exception is in countries where the government encourages brewers to use reusable plastic containers.
In Europe, about 40% of the total amount of containers used for bottling beer is reusable PEN bottles. It is distinguished from disposable ones, first of all, by its heavier weight - about 100 grams. This bottle can be used up to 40 times. With each bottling, a special mark is applied to the bottle, thanks to which a record of the “turnovers” of the container is kept. After the last mark is applied, the bottle goes for general recycling. In the European region, the brands Carlsberg and Tuborg are bottled in reusable PEN bottles.
PRODUCTION OF PET BOTTLES
The expansion of the use of PET containers as innovation-oriented and future-oriented products goes hand in hand with the development and introduction into production of equipment for the production and filling of plastic bottles. Equipment equipped with functions and capabilities such as fully automated inspection and rejection, setting and changing all operating parameters for each bottle or its contents, real-time touch control and technical support from the equipment manufacturer via the Internet.
One of the main advantages of PET containers is the ease with which a beverage manufacturer can install a line for the production of PET containers directly at its enterprise, and this route significantly reduces the cost of packaging and, accordingly, is very attractive for beer and beverage manufacturers. From a fully automated bottle production line, the bottles go directly to the bottling line. Thus, no additional costs or space are required for storage and transportation, and the manufacturer gets the opportunity to independently determine the parameters of the container (standard volume is usually from 0.5 to 3 liters) and develop its design. Since PET bottles are very light and unbreakable, they do not require boxes. It is quite enough to pack them in plastic film with or even without a cardboard pallet. This factor leads to further savings on packaging materials, cleaning containers (boxes), transportation, etc. The sizes of PET bottles are constantly increasing. Bottles designed for water and vegetable oil these days often reach a capacity of 10 or even 20 liters.
Preforms
PET bottles are produced using a process known as internal blow molding ( injection stretch blow molding, ISBM). This process has been the subject of numerous adjustments and improvements and is thus now well understood, well understood and well controlled.
ISBM is a two-step process, including the production of a “matrix”, that is preforms , which looks like a thin glass test tube (phase 1). The preform is then softened by heating and produced using internal air injection. full size bottle (phase 2). The final appearance of the bottle neck is given at the preform manufacturing stage. Actually, in the future only the body of the bottle is blown out. A special feature of all PET bottles is a ring on the neck. It is located on the neck of the preform, located slightly below the thread. It allows the preform to be mechanically picked up and moved to the final blowing site, and also facilitates transportation of the finished bottle.
Preforms are manufactured using multi-cell equipment capable of producing up to 144 preforms in one blowing cycle. The production of preforms is, in fact, a completely special field, and the quality of the preform and its ability to turn into a full-fledged PET bottle is influenced by numerous specific factors. However, the number of manufacturers offering standard preforms ready for production from them into a standard bottle is very large. There are a variety of preforms on the market with different neck sizes. The most popular among beverage manufacturers are bottles with a neck size of 28 mm (meaning the outer diameter, including the thread - Ed.), however, samples with a larger neck size or with a neck designed for closure with a crown cap are also produced. The weight of the preform material is determined mainly by the final capacity of the finished bottle that will be made from a given preform, as well as the thickness of the bottle walls. Colored preforms have been produced for several years, mainly brown, green and blue. Manufacturers of dyes and additives these days offer a very wide range of colors, with dyes specifically developed for PET.
There are two types of equipment for the production of PET containers, namely single-phase And two-phase. In single phase process the preform is made from polyethylene terephthalate granules in the same machine in which the finished bottle is subsequently blown from it. As a matter of fact, in this case, both phases of bottle production are combined in one equipment, so that preforms often arrive for final blowing while still warm.
In a two-phase process the preform is made on one machine and only then transported for bottle blowing to another, which is responsible for the second stage of the process, or placed in a warehouse, where it is stored until it is needed. This sometimes makes sense, since the preform takes up about 12 times less space than the finished bottle, and in addition, it must be taken into account that the same preform can be used to produce different bottles. Since the second stage of the two-phase process is much shorter than the first, in this option it is possible to achieve very high productivity of the equipment producing the final product, if only the appropriate preforms are in abundance. Typically one machine produces 1200-1400 bottles per hour.
Equipment productivity depends on the number of blow molding cells in a particular machine, as well as on the operating cycle time, which in turn is determined by the thickness of the preform walls and its cooling time.
A beverage manufacturer that decides to go with a two-phase PET bottle manufacturing process can either produce preforms in-house or buy them externally. The second option gives the manufacturer greater flexibility at the initial stage of production, and also relieves him of the need to control the quality of the raw material, to ensure that it is dry enough and, accordingly, suitable for use. In addition, in the future he can establish his own production of preforms, if such a need arises. Purchasing preforms also allows you to vary their types, weight, etc. without additional time and money to replace expensive blowing cells. A beverage manufacturer can select the bottle preform that best suits its product, whether it is a clear 2L PET mineral water bottle, a brown colored preform for a half liter beer bottle, or a heavier one for a recyclable soda bottle. . Product changes are made easier - a factor that, given the significant production volumes, is becoming very important for many beverage manufacturers.
The wide selection of preforms offered on the market greatly simplifies the task of choosing containers for small beverage manufacturing companies. They can easily purchase the preforms they need from PET, PEN or composite material. Multilayer preforms with an inner layer of nylon or other high-strength material that serves to improve the consumer properties of the bottle are also offered. It is even possible to include a layer of recycled polyethylene terephthalate in the preform that does not come into direct contact with the contents of the bottle, which is sometimes done to reduce raw material costs. The final properties of a particular preform are dictated by diverse and numerous factors, reflecting both the production process and the future fate of the filled bottle on the market. These factors include not only the size and contents of the bottle, but also the filling method (hot filling, etc.), the type of closure of the neck of the appropriate diameter (which can be much larger than the standard 28 mm, for example, for wide-neck PET bottles - up to 60 mm) and the method of storage, depending on the operating conditions of the final product in the consumer market of a particular country, as well as on the structure of the distribution network. Whether the beverage manufacturer has established the production of its own preforms, be it single-phase or two-phase, or purchases them externally, the next step for it will be the production, that is, blowing, of the PET bottle itself.
PET bottle blowing
The internal design and performance of the equipment varies greatly depending on the manufacturer, but the basic principles of its operation remain the same. The choice of this or that equipment is dictated by what is needed and the volume of production, the layout of the equipment in an existing enterprise and, of course, the price.
The simplest option is hand-loaded machines, in which the preform heater and blowing unit are actually separate parts. This type of equipment is intended for beverage producers with very small production volumes, since they are quite cheap, but have sufficient productivity, which, as a rule, is 1000-1200 bottles per hour for machines of this type for a unit with two cells for blowing 1-liter bottles . Features of production may require equipment that is an automated line. In this case, from one end the molds are automatically loaded into the machine, and from the other end the finished bottles come out, which are again automatically fed directly to the filling line. Typically, in units with this configuration, the preform heater is made in the form of a bracket, vertical or horizontal, which is done in order to save space. Rotary machines consist of a constantly moving wheel that guides the preforms through a heating section, from where, after appropriate temperature equalization, they are blown. Here, preforms are loaded into free cells as they pass the transporter, go through the blowing stage, and the bottles are transported further when the carousel rotates 360." The cell is now ready to accept a new preform.
Stages of manufacturing a PET bottle
High Speed Rotary Machine
In order to explore the above three stages of bottle blowing in more depth, let us turn to a modern rotary PET bottle making machine. Rotary machines have the advantage of saving production space due to their compactness. Preforms can be loaded from the same side as the finished bottles, leaving the other three sides of the machine free for access and inspection. There are also machines into which preforms are fed directly opposite the place where the bottles come from: such equipment is designed to be included in a chain of automatic production lines. The ability to position the rotary heating section above the blowing section and thus utilize the height resource while saving space also speaks in favor of the compact external design of this type of equipment.
Brief overview of the process
In a conventional high-speed rotary SBM machine, preforms from the main feed hopper are transported via a lift to a distributor, where they are automatically positioned to enter the system, and then lifted to the top via a spiral lift. The feed spiral correctly positions the preforms and transports them to the main working area of the machine, where they enter the feed gear. Each preform is grabbed by the ring on the neck with special pins and, in an inverted position, is fed to a heating carousel, which carries them through the heating chamber. There they reach a temperature that makes them soft enough to be blown into a full-size bottle. Inside the heating chamber, the preforms constantly rotate around their axis to ensure uniform heating. Upon leaving the heating chamber, the heated preforms are left for a certain time to equalize the temperature, and then fed into open molds for bottle blowing. These forms are located next to the heating chamber or under it. Once the mold is closed, the preform is immediately stretched and pre-inflated. Stretching is performed mechanically using a special stretching rod, which is inserted into the neck of the future bottle and lowered down towards its bottom. As a result, the softened preform elongates. The depth of stroke of the rod is adjusted mechanically and depends on the size and shape of the future bottle. The blowing phase then continues for a second, taking place at very high pressure, during which the bottle takes on its final shape. The stretch rod is removed, the bottle is cooled, after which the mold opens and releases the finished bottle.
Heat
Before preforms are fed into the heating section, they are checked by an automatic quality control station while still on the feed spiral. The neck, later intended for capping, and the cross-section of the preform are checked. At this stage, preforms with a defective neck or those that demonstrate insufficient ovality are rejected. During the heating process in a typical SBM machine, preforms placed on special rods are passed through an infrared heating chamber, where they reach the temperature required for stretching and blowing. The preforms pass sequentially through a series of heating blocks consisting of infrared heaters with reflector plates that prevent certain areas of the preform from heating up. This is especially important because, although the entire preform except the neck is heated, the blowing process requires different areas of the preform to be at different temperatures. Only in this case the bottle will turn out as planned. The size and shape of the blown bottle are factors that determine the so-called temperature profile, that is, the temperature regime for individual areas of the preform in the process of its transformation into a bottle. Equipment manufacturers must provide sufficient flexibility in temperature settings to ensure the best possible bottle quality is achieved. To vary the temperature profile, each heating block included in the heating chamber is equipped with nine individual vertically stacked heating elements that heat different areas of the preform. The degree of their heating is regulated independently from each other from the control panel, which allows the operator not only to set one or another temperature profile, but also to gradually increase the temperature as the preform passes through the heating zone. The area of the preform adjacent to the neck often requires more heat than other areas to reach the required temperature. Thus, the elements “responsible” for this zone must be more powerful and more numerous. The neck, already fully formed at the preform manufacturing stage, is protected from heating by a water-cooled screen. The number of heating blocks and the speed at which the preform passes through the heating chamber depend on the number of blow molds in the machine and the weight of the preforms being heated. Since PET is a poor conductor of heat, it is necessary to cool the outer surface of the preform when it is between the heating blocks of the heating chamber. Otherwise, the surface would overheat, which could lead to unwanted crystallization. This intercooling is accomplished by air pumps located between each heating block. Thus, on the one hand, the preform is gradually heated, and on the other, its surface is constantly cooled.
Balancing
After heating to correct the temperature profile, the preforms undergo a special processing stage aimed at balancing the temperature (equilibration). Equilibration, in essence, means the temperature distribution of PET in direct proportion to the wall thickness. This is an important stage that must be carefully calculated. If the equilibration period is too short, the bottle walls will be uneven in thickness. If the period is too long, the carefully calibrated temperature profile will be disrupted, and in this case too much heat will enter the neck area, causing deformation of the latter during subsequent processing. The bottle is blown at a temperature of about 110°C.
Blowing and stretching
The heated preforms are then transported along an inclined feed wheel to the blowing section, which in our case is located directly below the heating section. The feeder ensures that the preforms are correctly positioned relative to the molds into which they are fed at high speed. The time required to heat up the preform is significantly longer than that required for stretching and blowing. This leads to the fact that there are always more preforms in the heating chamber than in the molds, so a wheeled conveyor is a necessary device in a high-speed SBM machine.
"Classic" shape for PET bottles
It consists of three parts: two side walls that open in a vertical plane, and a base that moves up and down. Once the preform is in the appropriate position, the mold is closed. The movable base (bottom) moves upward, and the walls close around it. All this happens at the same time: the three components are firmly connected. At the same time, the tension rod begins its downward movement. Because it is positioned to begin stretching the preform the moment the mold closes, the cycle time is shorter and heat loss is reduced. The preform is stretched in a vertical plane and pre-blown under a pressure of 25 bar. The bottle at this stage is blown to 80-90% of its full size. Since it is very important not to damage the neck, the machines are equipped with special nozzles through which air is supplied. They are made in the shape of a bell and protect the neck and the adjacent part from damage. High pressure (40 bar) is then applied and at this stage the bottle takes its final shape. By pressing against the cold walls of the mold, the bottle cools down, becomes quite rigid and, thus, is ready to immediately leave the mold when it opens. To avoid distortion of the walls, the pressure inside the bottle is stabilized before opening the mold.
"Rest"
After cooling and during storage, PET bottles shrink slightly, so the machine controls the degree of cooling of the bottle by heating the mold. This is done so that the material “rests” and the bottles shrink less intensely in the future. This minimizes size differences between bottles released at different times, which is important during bottling: differences in the sizes of bottles being filled can cause unexpected difficulties in the operation of filling equipment. In machines where this function is provided, the plate transporter is insulated to save energy. SBM machines are available in numerous varieties, including those with a rotary mechanism, have from 6 to 24 bottle blowing molds and produce an average of 1,200 bottles per hour per mold. The maximum productivity of the machine with 24 molds is 33,600 bottles per hour. Productivity, of course, depends on the size of the bottle being blown, since larger bottles take longer to produce. A conventional SBM machine is capable of producing bottles with a capacity from 0.25 liters to 2.5-3 liters without additional conversion.
Quick change of molds
The machine we have chosen as an example, like most SBM machines, uses standard three-piece molds that are mounted on a mold transporter and can be quickly replaced with others designed to produce other bottles. The drawing rod is controlled by a template and its stroke depth can be easily changed according to the depth of the mold. It is estimated that an SBM machine with 10 molds can be converted to produce a different type of bottle within 30 minutes by three technicians. During this time, all necessary settings are changed. Even if it is planned to produce a completely different bottle with a different neck shape, the changeover will not take more than an hour.
Control
The operation of all the critical elements of both the rotary machine described above and the "linear" machine, such as the blowing department, the heating wheel, the preform conveyor and the mechanism that conveys the heated preforms from the heating chamber to the bottle blowing department, must be precisely synchronized using a single control systems. It is also necessary that each of these elements can be removed independently of the others for maintenance and reconfiguration. This mechanism is especially important for rotary machines. The machine is controlled using a touch panel. In modern machines, as a rule, the settings for the different types of bottle are stored in memory and can be immediately activated by simply pressing a button. Naturally, during operation the equipment becomes a little unstable, but the heating and blowing parameters are automatically returned to normal mode. The monitoring system constantly monitors the operation of the machine, signaling the operator about any failures. Removal of defective preforms is also carried out automatically, and is carried out without stopping the machine. If, due to the removal of the preform, the mold remains empty, pressure is not applied to it, as is the case if the mold is not closed correctly. The touch control system can be electronically protected from access by unauthorized persons.
Bottle transport lines
So, the bottle is made and thus ready for further use - bottling. PET bottles are very light and therefore, unless filled with contents, are unstable. Naturally, this property was taken into account by equipment manufacturers when designing lines that supply empty containers for bottling. The light weight of the bottles allows them to be carried during filling by the ring on the neck, which minimizes the need to adjust the equipment, since the filling height can be calculated from the neck of the bottle to the clamp on the neck, and this distance remains the same for all bottles of a given batch. In addition, empty bottles can be transported not only using conventional conveying lines, but also using air. In the latter case, instability of the bottle does not create problems. Empty bottles travel on low-friction rails, being "supported" by the air flow by a ring on the neck. The rails are shaped so that air can flow along them. A stream of air lifts the ring on the neck of a lightweight PET bottle and sets the transported container in the required direction. The advantage of this transport method is that the bottle does not come into contact with the sides of the transport belt. Today, this transportation method is used on most of the equipment produced and operated.
RECYCLING PET BOTTLES
In Europe, recycling of PET bottles is on a state basis. For CIS countries, recycling of used PET containers is an environmental problem. Although the PET bottle is environmentally friendly, when burned, polyethylene terephthalate releases a large amount of carcinogens. A safer and much more profitable solution is to recycle used PET containers. In England today, 70% of PET bottles are recycled, in Germany - 80-85%, in Sweden - 90-95% (this is the highest figure in Europe). The principle of state regulation of the processing of PET containers is that its manufacturers pay a special tax, which includes the cost of future processing. From this money the state finances recycling. The construction of one recycling plant can cost up to?50 million. The recycling process includes mechanical recycling (crushing) and chemical recycling (crushed parts are broken down into their constituent parts). Each of the resulting components goes through a purification stage. The process of obtaining recycled PET is completed by granulation. The resulting granulate has a lower viscosity than the primary one, that is, its quality is already lower. This PET granulate is used in various fields - in the production of preforms, it is allowed to add up to 5-10% of recycled materials; it also produces good raw materials for the textile industry, the production of tiles, Euro pallets, and cotton wool. Abrasive wheels for grinding and polishing are produced from recycled PET, after adding glass fiber to it. The Ford company casts engine covers for trucks, and Toyota molds panels, bumpers, and doors for cars from polymer compositions containing recycled PET.
In post-Soviet territory, PET bottles are not recycled en masse. So far, only isolated attempts have been made to produce paving slabs from recycled PET, and technologies have been developed (but not implemented) for the production of various insulation and building materials from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.
Based on materials from the magazine "Beer Business" and "Industrial Encyclopedia"
"Plastic bottle"
design and research work
environmental orientation
Completed by: Zinkina Maria Vladimirovna, 6th grade student
Supervisor:
Vera Aleksandrovna Gracheva, teacher of geography, biology and chemistry, Krasnoarmeyskaya Basic Secondary School
RM, Torbeevsky district, Krasnoarmeysky village, st. Shkolnaya, 1.
Phone 2-43-39, email:sportsmen58@ mail. ru
Head of MBOU "Krasnoarmeyskaya Basic Secondary School" Elena Vasilievna Golyatkina
The history of the bottle _____________________________________5
The history of the appearance of the plastic bottle_______________7
What is a plastic bottle made of? ___________________9
Creation of bio bottles ______________________________10
Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles_______________________________________________12
Recycling plastic bottles___________13
Second life of plastic bottles____________________15
Introduction ________________________________________________ 3
General information about plastic bottles.____________________
Sociological survey__________________________________________16
Experimental part __________________________________17
References _______________________________________________21
Applications _____________________________________________22
Introduction.
The huge amount of garbage on the streets of the village made me think about the question: what does a plastic bottle bring to a person - benefit or harm?
It seems that things like glass and plastic bottles have surrounded me since childhood, so I didn’t pay much attention to them. But one day, during the next cleaning of the territory of our village and during the natural history lessons of the 5th grade and geography of the 6th grade, I learned and understood that for our village they are the main pollutants of the environment. We collect them in bags, then they are burned or taken outside the village. That's all? Everything remains in its place. The atmosphere during combustion is polluted, the soils are natural graves in which bottles can be preserved for hundreds of years. More on this later in my work. It is no coincidence that I became interested in this topic; I want the territory of my village and my country, my Earth, not to suffer from the disposal of such necessary packaging material and, unfortunately, so harmful to the environment and human health. I found out about this later, while studying the relevant materials. And also, while studying Internet resources, I learned that this packaging material can still serve for the benefit of a person. It is used for the construction of fences, residential buildings, terraces, decorating the facades of houses and gardens.
Our grandmothers and mothers remember the time when in our village glass bottles were collected and handed over to stores in exchange for money, and these bottles were taken away for recycling and the production of new bottles. And now? Now both glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only!
Relevance of the topic: all the streets of the village, the road towards the regional center from our village, especially at the entrance to the regional center, are littered
garbage, most of which consists of plastic bottles, is the fault of the residents of the village of Torbeevo. They lie along the roadsides. There are especially many of them after the holidays. Entire bags of empty bottles are thrown directly onto the road. The surrounding area of our village may gradually turn into one large landfill. In the warm season, we schoolchildren often work to collect garbage in the center and along the road. But it’s scary to think how many of them will appear again after the snow melts? These days, millions of bottles are produced and thrown away every year.
Goal of the work- explore the significance of plastic bottles in human life and nature.
Tasks:
Learn about the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles.
Find a use for used plastic bottles.
Draw the attention of classmates to respect the environment.
Significance and applied value of the work The idea is that recycling plastic bottles preserves the environment, develops creativity, and expands knowledge about the history of things.
2. General information about plastic bottles.
2.1. The history of the bottle.
While studying the history of the creation of the bottle, I turned to dictionaries to decipher the concept of bottle. The “Small Soviet Encyclopedia” (editor-in-chief B.A. Vedensky, 1958) gives the following definition of a bottle (Polish - butelka, from French - bouteille) - a measure of the volume of liquids before the introduction of the metric system of measures in Russia. Wine bottle = 1/16th of a bucket = 0.7687 liters; vodka or beer = 1/20 of a bucket = 0.6150 l.
In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl it is written “Bottle (frnts) - a narrow-necked glass vessel in which grape wines are kept and served; by appearance and capacity, they are distinguished: table or simple bottles, round or inflated, for sweet wines ... ".
A bottle is a container for long-term storage of liquids, a tall vessel of predominantly cylindrical shape and with a narrow neck, convenient for sealing with a stopper. Large bottles are sometimes called carboys. It is made primarily of glass, often dark; recently, bottles made of polymer materials (usually polyethylene) have become common. Bottles made of ceramics, metal and other materials are less common.
The first prototype of a modern bottle can be called clay amphorae. It is interesting that with the invention of glass, the first item of production was a bottle. But ancient glass bottles were little like modern containers: shapeless, thick-walled, made of cloudy glass with air bubbles. For ease of carrying, a special ear was attached to them.
The Phoenicians were the first to master this technology (VI century). Unlike clay amphorae, such bottles did not allow liquid to pass through, so they quickly gained popularity.
In the 18th century, Venetian craftsmen mastered glass craft. Their technology involved the use of special metal molds for casting bottles. So the bottle became a whole work of art: a bizarre shape with complex relief designs and scenes from ancient mythology.
They were used not only for drinks, but also for storing rare seasonings. Later, glass vessels were used for medicines and perfumes.
The first domestic bottle appeared in 1635 at a factory located in the area of the current Istra station near Moscow. The first batch was intended for storing medicines. Two types of bottles were produced for wine: volumes of 1/16 and 1/12 of a bucket.
Another key date in the history of wine and bottles was 1894. There was a transition from manual production to machine production. Manufacturing standards emerged, prices fell sharply, and glassware in the usual sense finally entered into human everyday life.
The trends of the millennial pursuit of functionality and cheapness are now changing in the opposite direction: in modern bottles their uniqueness is valued, and the functions of table decoration are assigned to it. There are many who collect bottles. There is even a museum in Madrid where over 10 thousand different specimens are exhibited.
But history also shows something else... For a long time, the presence of a bottle on noble tables was considered bad form. Anything - silver, ceramic, glass jugs, bowls, but not bottles! This utensil was considered common, peasant. Despite the fact that it was very expensive and had a wide variety of forms. The situation was turned around by a certain marquis, who left no history of his name. He risked shocking the noble guests and placed bottled wine on the dining table. The effect exceeded all expectations - the bottle on the table became common throughout aristocratic Europe.
A glass bottle is more expensive, as a result of which a drink in a glass container is more expensive than a drink of the same volume in a plastic container. Among the advantages of glass, there is better storage of the drink, which is why it is believed that a drink from a glass bottle tastes better. Another advantage for the buyer of glass bottles is the possibility of repeated use.
2.2. The history of the plastic bottle
In the modern world, no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a larger volume compared to glass ones, and are safer due to their elasticity.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as a raw material for the production of PET bottles. Polyethylene terephthalate was first produced in 1941 by specialists from British Calico Printers (England) in the form of a synthetic fiber. Until the mid-60s, PET was used to create textile fibers, after which it began to be used to make packaging films, and in the early 70s, the first one was born at DuPont. PET bottle(DuPont wanted a plastic container that could compete with glass in the manufacture of containers for dispensing carbonated and still drinks).
Today, the production of food containers is the most significant area of application of PET granules. The pioneers in creating the first industrial blow molding machines were the companies Sidel (France) and Krupp Corpoplast (Germany). First time plastic bottle Pepsi appeared on the US market in 1970.
The plastic bottle replaced the glass bottle back in the USSR, when in 1974 the PepsiCo company opened a lemonade production plant in Novorossiysk. Almost half a century has passed since then, and now the once fashionable bottle has become commonplace. What is a plastic bottle made of or what helped it displace traditional glass and take first place as a container for liquids.
Despite the fact that plastic loses to glass in matters related to long-term injury and environmental friendliness, it has a number of undeniable advantages:
The weight of a half-liter plastic bottle is 28 grams, while its glass counterpart weighs 350 grams;
The main advantage is that it is cheaper to produce compared to glass or aluminum. At the same time, the barrier properties remain at the same level;
PET is more attractive from an aesthetic point of view, since it is transparent and has the appearance of an “absolutely clean” container;
If desired, such a bottle can be painted in any color without incurring significant production costs;
They do not break and can be completely recycled as secondary raw materials.
A PET bottle, even when the product inside it freezes, does not collapse and retains its barrier properties.
2.3. What is a plastic bottle made of?
It all starts with obtaining raw materials - oil production, which comes from distant fields. After receiving it for further processing, everything is loaded into containers, onto tankers and sent to factories. When hydrocarbons are heated and mixed with chemical catalysts, causing polymerization, plastic is produced. In addition, various components are released from it during processing. Next, the oil refinery receives gas, fuel oil and other products. Most bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET, also known as plastic).
Polyvinyl chloride is a chlorine-based polymer. All over the world, it is used to make soda bottles and cosmetics boxes because it is very cheap.
But over time, PVC containers begin to release a harmful substance - vinyl chloride. Naturally, from the bottle it gets into the soda, from the box into the cream, and from there directly into the human body. And vinyl chloride, by the way, is a carcinogenic substance - it causes cancer. A PVC bottle begins to release this dangerous substance a week after the contents are poured into it. After a month, several milligrams of vinyl chloride accumulate in mineral water. From the point of view of oncologists, this is a lot. Moreover, the longer the product is stored, the greater the amount of nitriles in it. American scientists have calculated that by drinking from a plastic bottle 1000 times, you will shorten your life by 10 minutes. Perhaps there are many stretches in these calculations. But it seems impossible to call plastic containers dietary or at least environmentally friendly. How to distinguish dangerous PVC bottles from safe plastic bottles? You need to inspect the bottom. Conscientious manufacturers put a symbol on the bottom of dangerous bottles - a three in a triangle. Or they write PVC - this is what the familiar abbreviation PVC looks like in English. But there are few such bottles with honest inscriptions. The majority of plastic containers are not provided with any intelligible markings. A harmful container can also be recognized by the influx on the bottom. It comes in the form of a line or a spear with two ends. But the surest way is to press the bottle with your fingernail. If the container is dangerous, a whitish scar will form on it. The safe polymer bottle remains smooth.
2.4. Creation of bio bottles.
Company PepsiCoannounced the development of the world's first PET bottle made from 100% renewable plant materials. Now, when producing beverage containers, the company will be able to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
The new bio bottle is 100% recyclable. It consists entirely of bio-based raw materials, including pine bark, millet and grain husks. In the future, the company plans to expand the list of raw materials used and add orange peels, potato peelings, oat husks and other agricultural waste generated in food production. PepsiCo.
By combining biological and chemical processes, PepsiCo developed a method for creating a molecular structure identical to petroleum-based PET material. As a result, the new bio bottle is in no way inferior to a traditional PET bottle in its characteristics.
Using this kind of innovation to preserve the environment is a fundamentally new approach among commercial companies. Coca-Cola, which owns the BonAqua brand, decided to go further and “start with itself.” At the request of the company, a unique technology was developed that makes it possible to use up to 30 percent of plant materials in the production of plastic for bottles, in particular from cane waste used in the production of sugar. Plant material is used to produce one of the two key components of plastic, which is obtained by refining crude oil. The remaining 70% of the composition is terephthalic acid (PTA).
In the fall of 2008, the Italian drinking water company Fonti di Vinadio introduced a new half-liter biological bottle made from polylactic acids (PLA) using Ingeo technology. One of the advantages of the bottle is that once thrown away, it completely decomposes under the influence of microorganisms.
Ingeo technology was developed by the American company Natureworks and has already been used to produce bottles in Ireland and Canada. Unlike conventional plastics, Ingeo material is obtained from renewable sources and decomposes after use, which fully satisfies the EU requirement for packaging recycling (UNI EN 13432).
50 million biological bottles of water will hit the retail chain, which will differ from regular plastic ones in color (the bio-bottle is green) and labeling. The distribution of organic bottles will also be limited to a certain territory, which will allow the manufacturer to monitor the behavior of the new product on the market and the reaction of consumers. The production of a bio-bottle costs 2-3 times more than a conventional one made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), due to the higher cost of raw materials, production, storage and transportation of relatively small volumes of product. However, he is confident that with the start of mass production of bio-bottles, this difference will be significantly reduced. The benefits of the bottle are not limited to its ability to biodegrade. A bio-bottle is lighter than one made from polyethylene terephthalate, so significantly less energy will be used to produce it.
2.5. Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.
The production and consumption of plastic containers is constantly increasing around the world. As a result, waste is stored that does not decompose. At the same time, plastic bottles are a very common form of waste around the world.
Today, 50% of solid household waste consists of used packaging (mainly polymer and combined packaging, most types of which are not subject to processes of biological destruction and decay and can remain in the soil for many decades (the decay time of a bottle is about 500 years).
People are already tired of the plastic waste that they themselves create. The creation of plastic packaging solved many problems, but also created no less. The garbage that our fathers left in their vacation spots has long turned into dust, and even our great-great-grandchildren will see our plastic bottles, because they are “eternal.”
Mostly they are buried in the ground or burned. Sometimes they are placed in metal containers and thrown into the seas and oceans, and sometimes even into rivers and lakes that are sources of drinking water (which is completely unacceptable).
In the Russian Federation, 90% of solid waste is buried in the ground, and the remaining 10% is burned. The number of industrial and household waste dumps in our country, authorized and especially unauthorized, has been continuously growing in recent years. .
Incineration is a common worldwide method of disposal of household waste, used since the end of the 19th century. Its main advantage, compared to landfill, is the reduction in waste volume by more than 10 times, and mass by 3 times. Of course, this is very convenient. Several decades ago, when there was not so much waste, and plastic packaging and products made from polymeric materials did not make up the vast majority of solid waste, waste incineration did not pose such a threat to the environment and human health as it does now. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, various toxic products are formed that enter the atmosphere.
Discarded bottles do not always end up in landfills. The world's oceans are filled with such garbage, which poses a serious threat to many marine organisms, since small segments can be consumed by ocean inhabitants.
The small city of Concord (Massachusetts) is the first town in the United States to ban the sale of water in plastic bottles.
2.6. Recycling plastic bottles
Recycling of PET bottles - in Europe, recycling of PET bottles is on a state basis. For CIS countries, recycling of used PET containers is an environmental problem. Although the PET bottle is environmentally friendly, when burned, polyethylene terephthalate releases a large amount of carcinogens. A safer and much more profitable solution is to recycle used PET containers. In England today, 70% of PET bottles are recycled, in Germany - 80-85%, in Sweden - 90-95% (this is the highest figure in Europe). The principle of state regulation of the processing of PET containers is that its manufacturers pay a special tax, which includes the cost of future processing. From this money the state finances recycling. The construction of one recycling plant can cost up to 50 million.
The recycling process includes mechanical recycling (crushing) and chemical recycling (crushed parts are broken down into their constituent parts). Each of the resulting components goes through a purification stage. The process of obtaining recycled PET is completed by granulation. The resulting granulate has a lower viscosity than the primary one, that is, its quality is already lower. This PET granulate is used in various fields - in the production of preforms, it is allowed to add up to 5-10% of recycled materials; it also produces good raw materials for the textile industry, the production of tiles, Euro pallets, and cotton wool. Abrasive wheels for grinding and polishing are produced from recycled PET, after adding glass fiber to it. Ford casts engine covers for trucks, and Toyota casts panels, bumpers, and doors for cars from polymer compositions containing recycled PET.
In post-Soviet territory, PET bottles are not recycled en masse. So far, only isolated attempts have been made to produce paving slabs from recycled PET, and technologies have been developed (but not implemented) for the production of various insulation and building materials from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.
2.7. Second life of plastic bottles.
Studying material about plastic bottles, especially Internet resources, I also came to the conclusion that a plastic bottle can and should really have a second life! By giving plastic bottles a second life, you not only make your life easier and save money from the family budget, but also save nature! You can come up with a lot of uses for plastic bottles.
In backward countries of the world, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers are in significant demand. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened one and a half liter bottles, and in Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in markets. Bottles are used to make birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots, used to protect young rice shoots, hung on fences as scarecrows to keep out crows, and used as waterproof caps on the tops of posts. In Indonesia - stabilizers to give stability to fishing boats. In Mongolia they are burned as sacrifices to spirits.
You can make many useful things from plastic bottles that will not only bring benefits, but also save your budget. There are a lot of empty plastic bottles left in every household. Along with other household waste, they end up in the trash can and then in a landfill. Although they can still serve us well in the homestead. In experienced hands, an empty plastic bottle can turn into dozens of useful tools for the garden in all seasons.
Since childhood, I have been interested in making all kinds of toys from different materials. This love was instilled in me by my mother, who provides me with great help. But this is the first time I’ve encountered crafts made from plastic bottles, although my grandmother’s yard is decorated with flowers made from bottles. And I wondered if I could do something with my own hands. My first “invention” was a beehive with bees. I like it! And now I’m unlikely to stop there...
3. Sociological survey.
I decided to find out what products in plastic packaging are purchased, how they are used and where the packaging goes in the families of our students in grades 5-9. I didn’t invent anything and took the questions from the Internet. School children and teachers from 23 families answered the questions.
Participants were asked the following questions:
1. Do you buy food in plastic packaging? Which?
2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?
3. If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?
The results of the survey showed the following result:
Question 1. Do you buy food in plastic packaging? Which?
Yes – 23 people
Mineral water – 46 people
Sparkling water, juices, drinks – 64 people
Ketchup – 28 people
Mayonnaise – 40 people
Drinking yoghurt – 80 people
No – 0 people.
Curds, noodles, mashed potatoes – 27 people.
In addition, beer, vegetable oil and other products are purchased.
Question 2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?
Throwing out - 5 people
We burn – 16 people
We use it on the farm – 10 people
We bury – 3 people
Question 3: If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?
For planting seedlings – 14 people
For a household – 14 people
Use for milk, kvass, jam – 10 people
Making crafts – 8 people
The survey showed that families of students at our school buy food in plastic packaging and in most cases it is mineral water, beer and carbonated drinks. Most families burn the used packaging, several families throw it away, and also use it in the household for planting seedlings, for milk, and kvass. And again the question arises: where do they go? There is only one answer - they are thrown away or burned.
Experimental work
While preparing this project, I learned that plastic is not affected by chemicals. Became interesting! And the teacher and I also conducted our own experiment. A solution of concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali and 70% acetic acid were poured into 3 glasses, because Vinegar essence is sold in glass containers in stores. A piece of a plastic bottle, a fragment of a cork and a silk ribbon were placed in each glass.
An hour after the experiment, the ribbon completely dissolved in sulfuric acid. But the most amazing thing was that after five hours only a small speck remained from a piece of a plastic bottle. And the next morning, in a glass with concentrated sulfuric acid, only a fragment of the cork of a plastic bottle remained, and the color of the acid on the surface changed to brown (they used a piece of a brown beer bottle).
A week later, we checked the contents of the glasses and saw that there were no changes in either acetic acid or alkali with the test samples.
Conclusion. After an experiment I conducted, I was convinced that a plastic bottle can decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, and the cork does not collapse under the influence of chemical reagents, even in concentrated acid. This made me think about chemical recycling of plastic bottles using concentrated acids, but this is realistic for the city!!!
Consequently, when they get into the ground, bottles and corks will not decompose and rot, but will only clog the soil.
What to do with plastic in rural areas? Maybe really burn it, like many families do?
I decided to be present at this process when dad burned bottles and other garbage. When set on fire, the bottle changed shape, as if melting, and then burned, releasing black smoke and a sharp unpleasant odor.
Conclusion: Burning plastic bottles releases toxic smoke, which pollutes the air and has a negative impact on human health.
I became convinced that plastic bottles should not be burned or thrown away.
And if you choose the lesser of two evils, then in the village it is better to burn bottles away from the residential sector.
As a result of the research work done, I found out the history of bottles from the first glass bottles to plastic bottles made from chemical raw materials. Thanks to such properties as lightness, elasticity, and strength, plastic bottles are convenient to use, therefore they occupy an increasingly important place in human life, but a problem arises associated with the disposal of bottles after use.
What I saw after working in the chemistry classroom interested me very much. I read a lot of similar works, but everywhere it was written that “...plastic packaging does not decompose even under the influence of chemical reagents, and when burned they emit toxic smoke that is dangerous to human health.” I agree about the smoke, but my experiment proved that bottles decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, but remain unchanged in acetic acid and alkali solution.
Plastic packaging really litters the earth and harms the environment, but I think that the time will come and they will learn to recycle plastic bottles, as they do in some countries.
It is necessary to pay attention to the environmental education of citizens. Adults should teach their children from an early age to respect nature and be an example for them. Selling recycled materials is not only a way to earn money, but also to save our natural resources, to keep the air, forests, rivers, and seas clean.
Reducing the amount of waste produced and increasing the share of it recycled requires coordinated efforts by the entire population, business community and government.
When purchasing goods, pay attention to the environmental label on the packaging. For many consumers, the “recyclable” label means more than a quality label.
Bibliography
Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Muravyov A.G., Gushchina E.V. Workshop on ecology: Textbook [Text] / Ed. S.V. Alekseeva. – M.: OA MDS, 2000. – 192 p.
Wikipedia free encyclopedia [electronic resource] Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
V.I.Dal, explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: T.1-4, -M.: Rus.yaz., 1998. P. 146.
Children's portal bebi.lv [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.bebi.lv/otdih-i-dosug-s-detjmi/podelki-iz-plastikovih-butilok.html.
Small Soviet Encyclopedia, chief editor. B.A.Vedensky, T.2, M.: state scientific publishing house “Big Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1958. P.51.
Website "Ecology" [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.ecology.md/section.php?section=tech&id=2220
Answers mail.ru [electronic resource] Access mode: http://otvet.mail.ru/question/26708805/
Application.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
« Veselovka orta zhalpy belim mektebi" KMM
KSU "Veselovskaya Secondary Educational School"
Prepared by pupils of the pre-school preparation class.
Head: Lavrukhina Irina Aleksandrovna
Creative project “New life of a plastic bottle”
I Introduction.
II Main part.
2.Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.
3. New life for a plastic bottle.
4. Practical work.
III Conclusion.
I Introduction.
Relevance of the project:
42 years ago, humanity invented the plastic bottle. The first samples weighed 135 g (96% more than now). Now she weighs 69 grams. NowadaysMillions of bottles are produced and thrown away every year. And every year, waste from plastic bottles is growing, due to the fact that more and more products are being packaged in plastic bottles. The huge amount of garbage on the city streets makes us think about the question: why do we need a plastic bottle?
Research problem lies in the contradiction between the positive properties of a plastic bottle for the manufacturer and the environmental problems that arise as a result of environmental pollution with waste that does not decompose for centuries.
Project goals : study and research of the meaning of a plastic bottle in human life and nature. Give new life to a plastic bottle by making a craft from it for your home.
Project objectives:
1. Find out the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles.
2.Examine the environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.
3. Find a useful use for a plastic bottle by making a craft from it.
4.Get others interested in the possibilities of creating many interesting and useful things from plastic bottles.
Hypothesis:
We think that if you learn to reuse plastic bottles, you can reduce the amount of waste in nature.
Significance and applied value of the work: learn to take care of the environment around us, expand knowledge about the history of things.
Expected Result:
Let's find out who invented plastic bottles and when;
Let's find out whether they bring benefit or harm;
Let's come up with a new life for them.
II Main part.
Before starting the work, we found answers to the questions that interested us.
1. The history of the appearance of a plastic bottle.
In the course of our work, we found out that in the modern world no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a large volume compared to glass ones and are safer due to their elasticity. The Pepsi plastic bottle first appeared on the US market in 1970. In Kazakhstan, plastic bottles gained popularity after the entry of Western corporations Coca-Cola and PepsiCo into the soft drink market. The first plant for the production of lemonade in plastic bottles in the USSR was opened by PepsiCo in 1974 in Novorossiysk. Nowadays, plastic bottles are used not only by producers of carbonated drinks and beer, but also by producers of dairy and fermented milk products and cosmetic and perfume factories.
2.Environmental problems
related to plastic bottles.
Our mothers remember the time when glass bottles were collected and handed over to stores in exchange for money, and these bottles were taken away for recycling and making new bottles. And now? Now glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only! The accumulation of bottles on the planet is already forming real floating continents in the oceans. Scientists are sounding the alarm. According to the World Wildlife Fund, these accumulations of garbage pose a great threat to living organisms. Used bottles are a big environmental problem. After all, the decay time of a glass bottle takes 1 million years, and a plastic one from 500 to 1000 years.
Once upon a time, serious hopes were placed on plastic: it does not rot, does not corrode. But today its durability and practicality are becoming a headache for those involved in the disposal of household waste.
The only correct way out is separate garbage collection. If plastic is collected separately, it can be used as secondary raw material for the production of various useful gizmos.
People are already tired of the plastic waste that they themselves create. The creation of plastic packaging solved many problems, but also created no less. The garbage that our fathers left in their vacation spots has long turned into dust, and even our great-great-grandchildren will see our plastic bottles, because they are “eternal.”
3.New life for a plastic bottle.
These facts do not allow many people to sleep peacefully, and they come up with very original ways to use bottles in the household. Birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots are made from bottles. They are hung on the fence as a scarecrow to keep crows away, and are also used as waterproof caps on the tops of posts. In Kazakhstan, washstands are made from plastic bottles, and in Indonesia, stabilizers are used to give stability to fishing boats. In Mongolia they are burned as sacrifices to spirits. In third world countries, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers are in significant demand. In Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in markets. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened one and a half liter bottles.
We found many sites where people share their inventions and bottle crafts. Here's what we found.
The bottles are an eco-friendly solar water heater.
A Chinese farmer placed 66 bottles on the roof of his house, connecting them with a simple system of tubes. Bottled water heats up almost instantly and enters the house.
There is enough hot water for three members of an enterprising Chinese family to take a hot shower. The neighbors liked the invention so much that they immediately decided to use this idea.
Fantastic plastic boat
A team of French researchers is planning to sail from San Francisco to Australia (18,000 km) on an 18-meter vessel made entirely of plastic bottles (except for sailing masts). The construction of the yacht took 16,000 two-liter plastic bottles, which were filled with dry ice (to give it hardness).
A Russian came up with a new unique and economical way to glaze a greenhouse on his summer cottage.
We really liked the fence made from plastic bottles.
There is a wonderful artist Galia Petrova who creates real works of art.
4. Practical work.
Having studied all the questions that interested us, we decided to make various crafts from plastic bottles: an airplane, a boat, pencil cups, vases with flowers, a pincushion, a tree, a little man.
It took 24 plastic bottles to make our crafts.
We decided to conduct a sociological survey in our school.
Goal: to find out what goods in plastic packaging are purchased, used and where the packaging goes.
37 families took part in the survey. Survey participants were asked the following questions:
1.Do you buy products in plastic packaging?
Yes – 32 people No – 5 people
2.Where do you put plastic bottles after use?
Throwing out - 22 people
We burn – 10 people
We use it on the farm – 5 people
3.If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?
For seedlings – 5 people.
The survey showed that families of students at our school buy food in plastic packaging and in most cases the packaging is thrown away or burned, as well as used in the household.
III Conclusion.
As a result of the work done, we found out the history of the origin of plastic bottles. It is convenient to use, thanks to such properties as lightness, elasticity, strength, and therefore occupies an increasingly important place in human life, but it cannot be destroyed after use.
If you learn to reuse plastic bottles, making very beautiful, original and useful things from them, you can reduce the amount of waste in nature. Thereby solving one of the environmental problems – waste disposal.
IV List of sources used.
1. An entertaining book of knowledge in questions and answers / trans. from English M. Benkovskaya and others. – M.: MAKHAON, 2012.- 160 p.
2. Illustrated encyclopedia whychek / trans. from English Kabanova. – M.: AST:Astrel, 2008. – 210 p.
3. Kamerilova G.S. Ecology of the city. – M.: Bustard, 2010. – 287 p.
4. Katsura A.V. Otarashvili Z.A. Ecological challenge: will humanity survive. – M.: MZ Press, 2005. – 80 p.
5. Rozanov L.L. Geoecology. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. – 320 p.
6. Sadovnikova L.K. Biosphere: pollution, degradation, protection: A brief explanatory dictionary. – M.: Higher School, 2007. – 125 p.
7. Universal illustrated encyclopedia of whys and tots: for very curious children / (Kate Woodward and others) / trans. from English I. Alcheva and others. – M.: Astrel, 2012. – 110 p.
8. What? For what? Why? Big book of questions and answers / Translation from Spanish. – M.: Eksmo, 2012. – 512 p.
