General information about the operation of weapons and military equipment in military units. Maintenance and repair of weapons and military equipment
According to paragraph 2 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2012 N 581, one of the types of work (services) that constitute such a licensed type of activity as the development, production, testing, installation, installation, maintenance, repair, disposal and sale of weapons and military equipment, is the repair, maintenance, installation and assembly of weapons and military equipment.
For enterprises and organizations fulfilling (or intending to fulfill) the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the State Defense Order), we offer a whole range of services to assist in obtaining (re-issuing) a license for the repair, maintenance, installation and installation of weapons and military equipment, or how They say in everyday life - for the repair of weapons and military equipment. You can read more about these services on the pages and.
Responsibility for the security of any state rests on the shoulders of the Armed Forces and specialists servicing the relevant weapons and military equipment. It is their condition that determines how coordinated and quick the actions of military personnel will be in response to an attack from the enemy.
We all understand that scientists have not yet been able to invent a “perpetual” motion machine, so it is necessary to periodically repair weapons and military equipment.
Repair of weapons and military equipment, or repair of weapons and military equipment, is a set of operations to restore the serviceability or performance of products or components of weapons and military equipment and restore their resources. The repair of weapons and military equipment may include disassembly, troubleshooting, monitoring the technical condition of the product, restoration of parts, assembly, etc. The content of part of the repair operation of weapons and military equipment may coincide with the content of some maintenance operations. Repair of weapons and military equipment can be carried out by replacing or restoring individual parts and assembly units. Repairs of any kind, as a rule, must be accompanied by the issuance of certain guarantees for the subsequent service life or operating time of the product.
Repair of weapons and military equipment can be divided into:
- According to the venue. In this case, the repair of weapons and military equipment can be factory, military, field, etc.
- By the degree of impact on weapons and military equipment and volume. In this case, repairs of weapons and military equipment can be current, medium, or major:
- Overhaul of weapons and military equipment- this is a repair performed to restore serviceability and complete or close to full restoration of the life of the product with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts, including basic ones.
- Medium repair of weapons and military equipment– this is a repair performed to restore serviceability and partially restore the service life of products with the replacement or restoration of components of a limited range and monitoring the technical condition of the components, carried out to the extent established in the regulatory and technical documentation.
- Current repairs of weapons and military equipment– this is a repair performed to ensure or restore the functionality of a product and consists of replacing and (or) restoring individual parts.
By type of planning and frequency. At the same time, the repair of weapons and military equipment can be planned, unscheduled, regulated, emergency:- Scheduled repair of weapons and military equipment– this is a repair, the installation of which is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation.
- Unscheduled repairs– this is a repair, the supply of products for which is carried out without prior appointment.
- Regulated repairs– this is a planned repair, carried out at a frequency and in the volume established in the operational documentation, regardless of the technical condition of the product at the time of the start of the repair.
- Emergency repairs– one of the types of unscheduled repairs. Emergency repairs are carried out in case of sudden breakdowns of weapons and military equipment due to improper operation, overloads, emergencies and other reasons.
There is also such a type of repair as repair of weapons and military equipment based on technical condition, in which monitoring of the technical condition is carried out at intervals and to the extent established in the regulatory and technical documentation, and the volume and moment of the start of repairs is determined by the technical condition of the product.
According to GOST 18322-78 (ST SEV 5151-85), maintenance is understood as a set of operations or an operation to maintain the functionality or serviceability of a product when used for its intended purpose, waiting, storage and transportation. Thus, the maintenance of weapons and military equipment is a set of works aimed at maintaining weapons and military equipment in working condition during transportation, storage and direct use for their intended purpose.
Maintenance contains operations regulated in the design documentation to maintain the functionality or serviceability of the product during its service life. In accordance with GOST 3.1109-82, a maintenance operation is understood as a completed part of the maintenance of a component of a product, performed at one workplace by a performer of a certain specialty. Maintenance may include washing the product, monitoring its technical condition, cleaning, lubrication, fastening bolted connections, replacing some components of the product (for example, filter elements), adjustment, etc.
Installation of weapons and military equipment is the assembly and installation of machines, structures, structures, technological equipment, blocks, units, instruments, apparatus, etc. from ready-made parts and elements, compiling a single whole from individual parts, selected according to a specific topic or plan. Installation of weapons and equipment often also includes connecting it to power supply sources and waste treatment and disposal systems, equipping it with instruments, automation and control equipment.
Installation of weapons and military equipment is the arrangement (placement) of weapons and military equipment in their regular places, which often includes fastening, installation, connection and configuration.
Each type of weapon and military equipment has its own terms and volumes, which are established by the relevant documentation. Medium, major and regulated repairs of weapons and military equipment are reflected in the long-term and annual plan for the operation and repair of weapons and military equipment. It is carried out directly in the military unit, at the facilities of the Armed Forces, as well as in organizations and enterprises that repair weapons and military equipment.
Enterprises and organizations engaged in the repair, maintenance, installation and assembly of weapons and military equipment must have the appropriate permit (license) for this type of work (service). The Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation (Minpromtorg) is responsible for licensing this type of activity.
An enterprise that repairs weapons and military equipment provides a guarantee for military equipment, which allows for post-warranty service. Some repairs are carried out at the customer's premises, but in many cases the work is carried out at a specialized repair facility. It is planned that service centers and enterprises (organizations) specializing in providing this type of work (services) will repair weapons and military equipment, as well as maintain them. Such an approach will allow the military to engage in their immediate responsibilities, in other words, to defend the Motherland, while qualified engineers and specialists from third-party organizations and enterprises will repair weapons and military equipment.
The consulting company Regul Service is rightfully considered a recognized leader in the market for the provision of licensing services in the field of weapons and military equipment!
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In peacetime conditions, military repairs are carried out, as a rule, in stationary military repair units in accordance with monthly work plans or in field conditions using mobile maintenance and repair equipment.
High quality and efficiency of repairs are ensured by:
planning the operation and repair of military equipment in a military unit;
clear planning of the work of repair departments;
advance preparation of repair units (technological equipment, documentation, spare parts, specialists);
proper organization of the repair process;
constant quality control of work performed and adherence to technological discipline;
improvement of the technological process, labor organization, and advanced training of personnel of repair units.
To carry out routine repairs, military equipment is handed over to the repair authorities of units or formations using the forces and means of the unit. The submitted samples of military equipment must be checked for safety, completeness with the necessary property, accessories, instrumentation for performing work and monitoring the technical condition after repairs.
In a repair unit, parts of the military equipment for repair are handed over by the unit commander (crew chief) to the commander of the repair unit (commander of a repair company, repair platoon, head of the regulations and repair department) against a signature in the book of records of material assets issued for temporary use of the unit handing over the military equipment for repair. The delivery is carried out on the basis of a schedule for carrying out work on the maintenance and repair of weapons or by order of the head of the RAV service, the deputy commander of the unit for weapons.
The commander of the repair unit is responsible for storing military equipment during the period of their repair in the RO.
The technological sequence, operating procedure and repair methods for specific samples of military equipment are given in the operational documentation and private repair manuals for these products.
Typically, when repairing electrical equipment, the repair technology is as follows:
defect detection of the sample in assembled form and in the volume necessary to find the required block, assembly, part;
dismantling of faulty elements (blocks, assemblies, parts) from the sample;
dismantling of faulty elements and their defect detection;
restoration, replacement of faulty elements, adjustment (tuning) if necessary;
general assembly of the sample (component), testing after repair;
filling out documentation.
Malfunctions identified during the defect detection process are recorded in the electrical equipment repair record book, which is located in the repair department. The spare parts, operating and other materials spent on repairs are also recorded there. A record of the completed repair work on this sample of the equipment is made in the form for the sample of the equipment.
The issuance of repaired military equipment is carried out from the repair unit of the unit by the commander of the repair unit and is documented with the signatures of the receiver in the repair unit's military equipment repair accounting book and in the accounting book of material assets issued for temporary use by the unit that handed over the military equipment for repair.
When accepting the equipment from repair, the receiver is obliged to check the quality of the repair, check the replaced elements against the equipment accounting and repair book, and the correctness of filling out the form for a sample of the equipment.
To hand over military equipment for repair to the repair authorities of the formation (association), the RAV service of the formation (association) issues a work order based on the technical condition reports submitted by the military unit. The repair order specifies the name, quantity, numbers of the submitted samples of the equipment, the type of repair, and the deadline for completing the work. In this case, the delivery for repair is formalized by the signature of the commander of the repair body in the repair order or a technical condition report, one copy of which remains with the deliverer.
The issuance of electrical equipment from the repair body of the connection (association) is documented by the signatures of the deliverer in the repair order and the accounting book for the repair of electrical equipment of the repair agency.
The above procedure for registering the delivery and acceptance of a sample of electrical equipment may not be followed if the repair is carried out in the presence and with the participation of the calculation. But in this case, it is mandatory to register and sign in the book for accounting for repairs of electrical equipment.
During combat operations, military equipment is accepted for repair on the basis of an oral order from the head of the RAV service, the deputy commander of the unit for armaments, and is documented in a document in a free form. In some cases, the commander of a repair unit can accept military equipment for repairs on his own with a subsequent report to the head of the service, the deputy commander of the armament.
The electrical equipment is handed over for major repairs after the established service life or service life has been exhausted.
The basis for handing over (accepting) weapons for major (medium) repair is an order issued by the RAV (AT, BT) service of the military district.
The basis for issuing orders is the repair plan (order) sent to the RAV (AT, BT) service of the military district.
The order specifies: the recipient and delivery person of the weapons, the quantity and timing of sending weapons for repair, the order of dispatch, requirements for the technical condition of weapons and equipment, instructions for sending after repair. In some cases, the numbers of products (emergency and temporarily out of order) that are subject to restoration by decision of the command may be indicated.
The equipment of automation systems for command posts, radio engineering units and formations is sent for repair on orders from the heads of automated control systems departments, heads of communications departments and air defense automated control systems of military districts.
Service communications equipment included in the weapon set are sent for repair to the repair enterprises of the communications troops according to preliminary applications submitted through the chiefs of the communications troops and military districts.
The first copy of the order is sent to the enterprise and is the basis for accepting weapons for repair and returning (issuing) them after repair. The second and third copies of the order with the complete list of the product submitted for repair are sent to the sending unit of the weapon and are the basis for removing it from combat readiness and sending it for repair.
The third copy of the completed order is returned to the approving authority that issued the order. This copy of the order remains on file with the approving authority.
The preparation of weapons for sending for major (medium) repairs according to the orders of the supplying authority is carried out by the military unit. The unit commander is responsible for the completeness and quality of training. The readiness of weapons to be sent for repair is checked by a commission appointed by the unit commander.
When checking the technical condition of weapons, attention is paid to the following:
compliance of the weapons completeness with the equipment lists;
compliance of the numbers of units, power units and other components of weapons with the entries in the forms (passports);
availability and correctness of entries in forms (passports) about the category of weapons, their operating time, changes in operational documentation. In case of replacement of individual units or power units in the weapon set, these entries in the forms (passports) are certified by the signature of the responsible person and sealed with the seal of the military unit.
Based on the results of the inspection, the commission is:
certificate of technical condition for the transfer of this type of weapon to a lower category (except for the fifth);
an act of technical condition and completeness of the mobility aids (base vehicles) on which the weapons are mounted (drawn up with the mandatory participation of a representative of the automobile or armored service of the unit). The acts are subject to approval by the commander of the formation (unit).
Approved certificates of technical condition (one copy separately for weapons and means of mobility (base vehicles) are sent to the services of the military district. In addition, these acts are sent (or sent together with weapons) to the enterprise. The work of the commission for checking the technical condition of weapons should be completed no later than 10 days before the shipment of weapons.
Weapons prepared for shipment for major (medium) repairs are sealed with the seal of the chairman of the commission and deposited until dispatch.
Control over the quality of preparation (technical condition, completeness, execution of accompanying, operational documentation, etc.) and timely dispatch of weapons by the military unit for major (medium) repairs is carried out by the corresponding service of the military district.
The weapons should arrive at the enterprise in the first ten days of the planned month.
Weapons sent for repair are not deregistered from the military unit's register unless this is specified in the order.
In the executive order, a note is made with the signature of the deputy commander of the unit for armament about the completeness of the armament according to the list of completeness of the product submitted for repair.
Weapons subject to major (medium) repair must be of the appropriate category. The category of weapons is indicated in its form (passport).
The weapon must be assembled and transportable. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure safe and reliable transportation of weapons by rail (road) transport and under their own power. All assembly units, instruments, parts, boxes with documentation must be secured as provided for by the design of the weapon, with the exception of individual units, racks, blocks and instrumentation, which, according to the conditions of their transportation, are dismantled in accordance with the requirements of the operational documentation. In this case, units, racks, blocks and instrumentation must be transported complete with the products.
Weapons sent for repair must be:
fully equipped with all blocks, assembly units (serviceable and faulty) and other accessories according to the form (passport), with the exception of spare parts and other auxiliary equipment not specified in the list of completeness of the product submitted for repair, as well as operational documentation;
modified with changes to the operational documentation, all modifications must be recorded in the form (passport);
covered with standard covers or packed in containers in accordance with the requirements of the operational documentation;
unloaded, explosion-proof, which must be confirmed by entries in the forms (passports), sending unloaded weapons or ammunition with weapons for repair is strictly prohibited;
without fuel and freezing liquid (for power units);
without freezing liquids (mobility aids and base machines);
subjected (if necessary) to decontamination, degassing, disinfection;
equipped with serviceable, charged and sealed fire extinguishers.
If a list of completeness of a product submitted for repair has not been developed, then the weapons submitted for major (medium) repairs and subject to return to the same military unit must be equipped only with those items of a single set of spare parts and accessories that are necessary during transportation, work and testing of weapons after repair taking into account the implementation of safety measures. The actual completeness of the spare parts and accessories in this case is recorded in the acceptance certificate.
When sending weapons for repair, it is prohibited:
dismantle weapons;
replace serviceable assembly units, parts and portable instrumentation with faulty ones that are not installed on this weapon in accordance with the form (passport);
render mobility aids or combat vehicles inoperable;
enter unspecified information into the form (passport, acts).
The completeness of weapons handed over for repair without their subsequent return to the military unit that is the deliverer is indicated in the repair order.
Weapons subject to return after repair to the same military unit, when delivered for repair is not included with:
personnel communications equipment (radio stations, telephone switches, headphones, microtelephone headsets, telephone cables, etc.);
engineering property (entrenching tools, camouflage means, etc.).
Base vehicles and means of mobility on which the weapons to be submitted for repair are mounted must be in good working order, serviced to the extent of TO-2 and complete with equipment and documentation, with the exception of driving and entrenching tools, insulating hoods, cross-country ability, night vision devices, and portable decontamination equipment. and camouflage.
It is allowed to send (hand over) weapons for major (medium) repairs on faulty means of mobility. In this case, vehicles must meet the requirements technical specifications for delivery of vehicles for repair (release from repair) in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Defense No. 210-1980.
Separate racks, blocks, instrumentation and operational documentation are packaged in standard containers or packaging and transport boxes, ensuring the safety of instruments, equipment and documentation under any meteorological conditions. Non-standard boxes are edged with soft metal packaging tape and sealed by the sender. For each box with instrumentation, documentation and equipment, a packing list is filled out in two copies. One copy of the packing list is placed in the box, the other remains with the sender. The necessary safety inscriptions and signs are applied to the side walls and lids of the box.
Operational (secret) documentation is sent to enterprises no later than ten days before the shipment of weapons. The forwarding of secret operational documentation and individual secret blocks is carried out in accordance with the established procedure.
Non-secret documentation is sent to the enterprise along with the weapons.
The military vehicle maintenance market is in a state of transition. The model, which emerged over a decade ago with the outbreak of combat operations in the Middle East, focused on maintaining a fleet of vehicles, which were often acquired under urgent operational needs programs.
For the United States and its allies with vehicles deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq, priority has been given to the most urgent levels of the so-called MRO (maintenance, repair, overhaul) cycle: routine maintenance, daily training, replacement maintenance and minimal repairs and modifications. Meanwhile, higher levels of maintenance, such as restorations, special modifications, major upgrades, and major overhauls at various levels, were delayed, often until the vehicles returned from deployment.
The US Army's M113 family of tracked armored personnel carriers is being modernized as part of a program led by BAE Systems that will also add new capabilities to these vehicles.
Battle Damage
This state of affairs could not but affect the state of the equipment of the coalition forces led by the United States. Following the withdrawal of troops and weapons from Afghanistan and Iraq, beginning around 2011, Americans and their allies turned their attention to restoring and overhauling the vehicles that were deployed during all of these campaigns. Vehicles that were acquired as part of various urgent operational requirements, for example, Mastiff, Ridgeback and Wolfhound MRAP (Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected) category, vehicles that were acquired by the British Army to assist its deployment to Afghanistan, or those that were upgraded with new equipment to different levels throughout these operations, also needed to be brought to a common standard.
For example, BAE Systems began a three-year program (from 2012 to 2014) to restore the M2 Bradley tracked infantry fighting vehicles for the US army. The company was tasked with partially disassembling, repairing and testing each machine to restore capabilities and extend its service life. The Level 2 repair process, conducted at Red River Army Depot in Texas and BAE Systems locations throughout the United States, removed major components for inspection and then returned them to those plants for rework and testing. As part of this initiative, L-3 Communications was awarded a contract to improve the transmissions of M2 Bradley vehicles.
Meanwhile, in February 2010, the US Army awarded BAE Systems a $32 million contract to modify the remaining 417 United Defense/BAE Systems M113 tracked armored personnel carriers. BAE Systems said the work will include replacing old and damaged components and restoring the vehicles to "pre-combat condition". The issuance of this contract followed the receipt in 2008 of a contract from the American Army to carry out similar work to restore 1074 M113 vehicles.
The US Army took the opportunity to modify the M113 vehicles to equip these vehicles with new additional armor and equipment for protection against weapons of mass destruction. In addition to contracts for M113 armored personnel carriers, BAE Systems also received contracts for the restoration of M-777 towed howitzers of the American army, having entered into a cooperation agreement in this regard with the Anniston Arsenal. According to an official Army statement, these modernization efforts include improvements to the recoil and hydraulic systems.
The process of equipment restoration is not limited only to BAE Systems. For example, Textron was tasked with upgrading M-1117 Guardian Armored Security Vehicles operated by military police to repair combat damage. At the same time, the army should have the opportunity in the future to carry out improvements to these vehicles in the field of survivability, safety and mobility. An initial $4 million contract to upgrade the first six vehicles was awarded to Textron as part of a pilot program. The next contract was issued in 2008 for 12 vehicles. The company received the next contract from the American Army worth $20 million for the modernization of 392 vehicles with two options for the modernization of another 225 vehicles in October 2011.
A major program is also being implemented to update the M-777 howitzers in service with the American army. In accordance with it, recoil mechanisms and hydraulic systems will be improved
New goal
Such restoration and modernization work is carried out not only by the Americans, but also by their allies from different countries. Many armies are now wondering what fleets will look like in the coming decade and how they will be maintained. This may include finding the right proportion of full-time and contract specialists performing repair and maintenance work, considering new, most cost-effective models for servicing equipment and weapons, as well as developing technological processes MRO, which will be able to fully support combat operations involving Western militaries in the coming decades.
When thinking about how military fleets will be maintained, it's important to first consider what future military campaigns will look like. In the UK, defense industry experts, such as former director of London's Royal United Institute of Defense Studies Professor Michael Clarke, use the term "strategic raid" to describe short, fast, energetic operations that the British government can focus on in the future, instead of long, protracted operations ongoing recently in the Middle East.
This model has perhaps already begun to apply to the types of vehicles in which the British Ministry of Defense is investing. These are essentially flexible, highly mobile vehicles that are easier to maintain in the field, as opposed to heavy tracked vehicles with complex logistics requirements. In this regard, a typical example is the promising family of Ajax tracked combat vehicles, of which 589 units in several versions will be delivered to the British Army, according to the Ministry of Defense, from 2017 to the end of 2019. General Dynamics' Ajax variants feature a high level of commonality, reducing field maintenance and logistics. Such purchases also entail a change in the way the Ministry of Defense distributes material resources.
In January 2015, the Ministry of Defense awarded Babcock International a ten-year contract worth one billion dollars to maintain ground vehicles for the British army. As part of the contract, the Defense Support Group (DSG), responsible for the maintenance and repair of Army and Royal Air Force equipment, awarded Babcock $170 million to, as the Ministry of Defense put it in a press release, “develop a technology transformation path maintenance, repair and storage of British Army vehicles." According to this press release, Babcock will be responsible for maintenance, repair, overhaul and fleet management, as well as the storage of vehicles and light weapons to maintain operational readiness of the equipment.
It is expected that the transfer of services performed by DSG to a private company will allow significant savings over the life of the contract (estimated at approximately $606.8 million), more rational use of available financial resources, and will also allow the Department of Defense to focus resources on operations rather than on logistics. - technical support. The Ministry of Defense added that DSG's Ground Systems division staff had been transferred to Babcock and the company had been running a program for several years to improve and optimize the business's potential, giving DSG the ability to provide heavy vehicle maintenance for other operators that could not be done at as a structural unit of the Ministry of Defense. According to the Ministry of Defence, Babcock is already working to identify commercial opportunities for DSG within the Babcock group.
Babcock said approximately 30% of the Defense Department's fleet is maintained by the company, including a so-called "white" fleet of 14,000 units, including buses, cranes and armored platforms, for example. It also noted that the logistics model is based on maintaining the operational availability and performance of equipment, ensuring the purchase and rental of equipment, as well as providing various services, including maintenance, repair, recovery assistance and troubleshooting.
As part of the C-Vehicle (Construction Vehicle) initiative, Babcock has formed the ALC joint venture with Amey. Under the terms of this programme, ALC provides the Ministry of Defense with construction and material handling equipment used by the Corps of Engineers and the Logistics Corps, which form an integral part of the British Army. Under the $728.6 million contract, which runs through 2020, the existing C-Vehicle fleet of approximately 4,000 platforms (excluding some specialized military equipment), formerly owned by the Department of Defense, has been purchased by ALC and will be replaced by a substantially smaller fleet of approximately 2100 units) fleet of civilian equipment.
Under the terms of this contract, ALC is responsible for ensuring optimal use of the fleet, providing comprehensive data on the availability of equipment through the fleet management information system, which is an integral part of the defense information infrastructure. In addition, it provides training, technical documentation and commercial equipment to optimize fleet maintenance, parts supply and inventory management. Such a contract to ensure operational availability of equipment provides enormous benefits to the customer, since it takes away the work of maintaining and repairing equipment from the Ministry of Defense and at the same time guarantees that it will have access to the machines at any time for minimal money.
The promising family of Ajax vehicles of the British Army was created from the very beginning with an eye to a high level of commonality across all options in order to reduce the logistics load and the amount of maintenance in operational conditions
Growing market
Integrating private sector innovation and know-how with core, day-to-day military activities allows defense ministries and departments to more accurately monitor how effectively services are being delivered and shift responsibility to industry to deliver services that can be measured to maximize profitability and direct resources where they are needed most. This shift towards a contract industry that can meet logistics needs is also driving significant growth in the global armored vehicle maintenance and repair market.
In its study, London-based think tank SDI (Strategic Defense Intelligence) predicted that the market, estimated at $22.5 billion in 2016, will grow to $32.4 billion by 2026. Within this market, SDI expects the infantry fighting vehicle segment to hold the largest share at 32.2 percent, main battle tanks at 25.8 percent and armored personnel carriers at 17.4 percent. According to the authors, growth is driven by the needs of international conflicts and insurgencies and the vehicle procurement and modernization programs being implemented by the armed forces of many countries around the world.
Industry is developing new innovative ways to achieve combat readiness. One direction of development is the use of virtual reality headsets and glasses like Google Glass, which can give technicians a kind of X-ray image needed for service and repair. These systems work by superimposing computer graphics and diagrams onto the wearer's natural field of view to show which components require attention and how they can be assessed, replaced or repaired. Several companies including NGRAIN, Fieldbit and Accenture have developed similar smart glasses systems with the goal of using computer-aided design to simplify logistics and maintenance processes in the industrial sector. Organizations such as the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are showing genuine interest in the military applications of this technology.
For example, researchers from the Center for Systems Integration at Purdue University, together with Honeywell and the US Army, have developed a “diagnostic bar” - a speed bump-type system with built-in sensors, driving over which a military vehicle can detect damage to the main components of the suspension. The idea is to help operators save time and maintenance costs by identifying defects before they cause machine failure at the worst possible time.
Complexes for monitoring the condition and use of systems
At the Eurosatory 2016 defense exhibition in Paris, Thales and Soframe presented a new service product for optimizing the management of military vehicle fleets called MILFLEET. The range of fleet management services offered by MILFLEET is based on predictive maintenance concepts, made possible by the high levels of digitization of the latest generation of military vehicles. This service ensures that the right machines are always available in the right place, at the right time and in the best configuration for the customer. The platform-independent MILFLEET system ensures optimal fleet management with dedicated management, as well as system and equipment maintenance to precisely meet the needs of each customer.
The HUMS (Health and Usage Monitoring System) monitoring system collects data from the sensors built into the machine so that preventive maintenance can be carried out, possible malfunctions can be identified and eliminated before they occur.
HUMS has become the primary means of efficient maintenance and repair for platforms deployed on the battlefield, with more and more next-generation platforms with high levels of digitalization having monitoring capabilities built into them at the early stages of design.
British Army platforms such as BAE Systems' FV-4034 Challenger-II main battle tank will benefit from new MRO agreements with private companies.
In addition to recording the status and operation of mobile platforms, sensors can measure operating modes, characteristics, and system health. This technology, originally developed for helicopters, is increasingly being used in the ground transportation sector. For example, the Ministry of Defense selected the British division of General Dynamics to supply HUM systems and related information processing devices for British Army vehicles. Delivered in 2012, the systems are designed to optimize operational availability and minimize maintenance by monitoring vehicle systems.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Army's Defense Research Laboratory, headquartered in Maryland, is studying technologies that would replace routine maintenance with a process used to repair parts and systems only when it is necessary to identify the failure, remove and replace the component. This approach, known as Condition Based Monitoring, will give the Army a more effective way to identify problematic parts or components. This mature and field-tested technology will be used to diagnose problems, predict when these parts will fail, and determine the remaining service life. The research involves developing analysis technology that will enable data transfer from existing sensors. The condition monitoring system sees sensors placed throughout the platform that generate important information, such as vibration levels or breakdown parameters, which is recorded in real time by the HUMS device. This data is then analyzed by a specialist to determine the condition of the monitored components.
In 2014, the Department of Defense announced that it would be seeking a next-generation HUMS system for installation on approximately 3,000 vehicles (potentially up to 5,000 vehicles) in its fleet, representing 15 different types plus sub-variants. The Department of Defense stated that the HUMS-Next Generation system should be able to collect data automatically, without requiring human intervention or manual data entry, and the HUMS-NG supplier will analyze this data so that the operator can make a decision on the service life of the machines included in its fleet.
Taking it to the next level, the concept of predicting component failure weeks or even months in advance is increasingly gaining acceptance in the service and repair market. GE has developed a system called SmartSignal that goes beyond the basic capabilities of HUMS. It uses algorithms for monitoring the operation of machines and equipment, which make it possible to identify inevitable breakdowns in advance and provide guidance for action. The idea is that such technology can reduce the cost of maintenance and the likelihood of damage to valuable equipment and ensure safe and productive operation, essentially helping the user avoid unplanned downtime of their equipment.
Readiness modernization
The US Army is currently in the process of creating new capabilities by developing its LMP (Logistics Modernization Program) program as part of the LMP Increment-2 initiative. LMP is responsible for enhancing Army Materiel Command (AMC) readiness, providing business processes and advanced capabilities that track and manage production and repair and maintenance orders in workshops, arsenals and munitions facilities. Under LMP, a commercial off-the-shelf enterprise resource management system manages the process of delivering products and equipment from logistics to frontline soldiers faster and more efficiently than previous systems.
According to the implementation of LMP lncrement-2, the LMP architecture will be expanded. As an example, a typical overhaul of an Army platform may require approximately 30,000 pages of paperwork, whereas under LMP Increment 2, much of this paperwork will be replaced by new technology, including the use of electronic tablets, which will certainly increase the level of automation. The key to the system is its ability to meet the needs of the combat mission, predicting when, where and what material resources will be needed. Since the completion of the LMP Increment-2 initiative in June 2015, the Army said its readiness level has increased, AMC's ability to forecast materiel requirements has improved by 20 percent, while the Armored Vehicle Command and Air Missile Command have improved projected supply standards by 6 percent. .5 and 5.7% respectively. While the Army notes that this percentage may be small, it argues that “this will ultimately translate into hundreds of millions of dollars in savings that these entities spend on the production and restoration of tanks, helicopters and other major platforms, as well as equipment.” used by soldiers."
Looking to the future, the Army anticipates additional improvements in overall readiness, as well as further developments designed to optimize force readiness through improved tracking and management of materiel and equipment, balancing Army missions, rapid response capabilities, and availability of materiel resources that are managed and tracked by the program. LMP.
Currently, the most noticeable change in the maintenance and repair sector is the shift from after-the-fact response to planned maintenance. The key to minimizing equipment downtime is knowing what problems will be encountered and when, scheduling them in the right place and time with the right materials, and providing users with as much information as possible about how best to manage fleets. funds in order to maximize the level of combat readiness and minimize costs.
In improving the Armed Forces, a decisive role is played by equipping them with the latest weapons, further developing methods of combat use and organizing the operation of modern weapons and equipment.
Definition and content of exploitation. Organization of operation
Operation of weapons and military equipment (WME) in a military unit is the stage of the life cycle of weapons from the moment they are accepted by a military unit from the manufacturer or repair facility.
As a rule, the life cycle of weapons includes: intended use for combat and training purposes, maintenance, storage, transportation and repair.
The use of weapons means their use for combat and training purposes in compliance with the norms, rules and regimes established by the operational documentation that ensure their normal operation.
Maintenance is understood as a set of works to maintain the serviceability or only the functionality of the product during preparation for use and intended use, during storage and transportation.
Storage refers to the maintenance of serviceable samples of weapons and military equipment not used for their intended purpose in places specially designated for their placement in a given condition, ensuring their safety for a specified period.
Transportation is one of the stages of operation of weapons and military equipment, which includes preparation and transportation or movement under specified conditions using transport or towing equipment while ensuring the safety of their technical condition and completeness. Self-propulsion is not transportation, but a stage of intended use. Arms and equipment can be transported by rail, water, air, and road transport.
Repair is understood as a set of operations to restore the serviceability or performance of weapons and military equipment and restore the resources of samples or their components.
Saving refers to a set of measures to maintain weapons and missiles in good condition and ensure their safety. Savings are ensured by the timeliness, completeness and quality of inspections, technical equipment and repairs, proper storage of weapons, as well as timely replenishment of spare parts and materials.
Only combat-ready weapons are allowed to be used for their intended purpose if they perform their work within the parameters established by the documentation for the model.
A combat-ready model is an operational model of weapons and military equipment that has the necessary resource reserve, brought to its original position or condition established by the operational documentation (ED) and prepared to carry out the assigned combat mission.
The organization of operation is an orderly structure of interconnected bodies, means and methods of operation of many weapons and military equipment facilities, the management of which is expressed in the planning of operational and technical activities, their implementation, control and adoption of new decisions.
Properly organized operation of weapons is the main condition that determines the reliability of their operation and service life. Organization of the operation of weapons in a military unit includes:
1. Planning the operation of weapons.
2. Admission of personnel to operation, acceptance and commissioning of weapons.
3. Accounting for the operation of weapons and maintaining electronic documentation.
4. Monitoring the technical condition and operation of weapons.
7. Carrying out modifications to weapons.
8. Carrying out maintenance and repair of weapons.
10. Transportation and operation of weapons.
11. Generalization of best practices in the operation of weapons and their introduction into military practice.
The operation of weapons in peacetime is organized in accordance with combat training plans, annual resource consumption standards, overhaul periods and is carried out in accordance with the operation plan.
The deputy unit commander for weapons is responsible for organizing the operation of weapons in the unit. The operation of missile and artillery weapons is organized by the RAV service. In units, all commanders and superiors in whose charge they are are fully responsible for organizing the operation of weapons and maintaining them in good condition.
Planning the operation of equipment and weapons
General characteristics of operation planning.
In peacetime, the main goals of planning the operation and repair of weapons and military equipment are:
Ensuring the combat readiness of the unit (formation);
Implementation of plans for combat and mobilization readiness of troops;
Carrying out business activities;
Rational and economical use of weapons and military equipment, fuels and lubricants;
Ensuring the gradual consumption of weapons and military equipment resources and their release for scheduled repairs;
Timely implementation of technical maintenance and repair (MRO) of weapons and military equipment.
The operation of weapons and military equipment is planned according to the relevant principles, the essence of which is:
Taking into account the peculiarities of the organizational structure of units (formations) and the nature of the use of weapons and military equipment to solve combat training tasks;
Development of documents planning the daily activities of a unit (compound) based on the nature of the tasks to be solved for a certain time (i.e., drawing up long-term, annual and monthly operation plans);
Using planning data to solve practical operational problems in ensuring the reliability and combat readiness of weapons and military equipment, controlling the movement of weapons and military equipment between operational groups on the scale of a unit (formation) and between units of a military district, taking into account the developments of weapons and military equipment and their technical condition. Planning for the operation of weapons and military equipment consists of the advance development of measures for the preparation, provision and implementation of the operation of weapons and military equipment, indicating the deadlines for the implementation of these activities, the performers and persons responsible for organizing and monitoring their implementation.
In terms of long-term planning, planning is divided into long-term (five years or more), current (one year) and operational (for a limited period in some cases, and in wartime - for a battle or operation).
Plans are drawn up at the appropriate levels: unit, formation, association (army), district, main (central) governing bodies of the Ministry of Defense. The development of plans is based on the following provisions:
Use of guidelines and regulatory documents;
Use of forms and registration data for weapons and military equipment;
The use of existing plans that differ in purpose from those being developed, but are related to them (for example, to develop current plans it is used long-term plan);
The use of techniques based on heuristic approaches, analytical calculations, or a combination of heuristic approaches and calculations.
When planning the operation of weapons and military equipment, they use the appropriate manuals, orders (on the organization of maintenance, supervision, repair, storage, transportation, on the consumption of resources, standardization of labor costs for maintenance and repair), instructions for the operation of weapons and military equipment samples.
Planning for the operation of weapons and military equipment includes the following stages:
1) determining the need for resources to implement the combat training plan;
2) resource distribution by months and periods of training;
3) planning the main organizational and technical activities carried out at weapons and military equipment in order to maintain it in constant combat readiness;
4) preparation of plans.
The need for resources is determined by the unit headquarters together with the chiefs of services to carry out the following activities: conducting exercises, organizing technical and special training, maintenance and repair, performing combat duty, supporting economic activities.
Distribution of resources by months of operation is carried out in accordance with the timing of the above activities included in the Combat Training Plan.
The main organizational and technical measures planned and included in documents on the organization of operation of weapons and military equipment include: 1. Maintenance:
Maintenance No. 1 and No. 2 (TO-1, TO-2);
Maintenance No. 1 and No. 2 during storage (TO-1X, TO-2X);
Seasonal maintenance (SeO);
Repair and maintenance service (RTO);
Control and technical inspection of weapons and military equipment in long-term storage (KTO VVT DH).
2. Scheduled repairs:
Medium repair (SR);
Overhaul (CR);
Regulated repair (RR).
3. Technical inspection of energy and state technical supervision facilities.
4. Verification of measuring instruments.
5. Checking lightning protection.
6. Testing of protective equipment.
7. Decommissioning of weapons and military equipment.
8. Planning of equipment for repair bodies and logistics support (MTO) for operation.
The planning procedure, scope of work and frequency of organizational and technical activities are established by normative and technical documentation (NTD).
In wartime, the combat readiness of arms and military equipment in units (formations) is ensured and maintained in accordance with the maintenance plan, which is developed for periods of direct combat operations. Operation of arms and military equipment (consumption of technical resources of arms and military equipment, maintenance and repair) is reflected in a special section of this plan. For other periods (reformation, rest), operational plans for the operation of weapons and military equipment are developed.
In general, the plans for the operation of weapons and military equipment of a unit (formation) include two groups of activities: 1 - mandatory operational and technical activities and 2 - activities related directly to combat training.
The activities of the first group correspond to the control, restoration of weapons and military equipment and the prevention of failures, therefore they include maintenance, repairs, and verifications with supervisory authorities. The indicators of these activities are determined by regulatory operational documents.
Activities of the second group include conducting exercises, firing, conducting special tactical exercises and training. To implement these measures, it is necessary to plan the use of weapons and military equipment, and, consequently, the consumption of their resources.
Guiding documents on the operation of equipment and weapons
Documentation occupies an important place in the proper organization and fulfillment of requirements for the operation of weapons and military equipment. It must contain the information necessary to study the design of weapons and military equipment, the rules of their operation when used for their intended purpose (combat use), maintenance, routine repairs, storage and transportation by all types of transport.
Information on these issues should take into account all stages of operation of weapons and equipment from the moment they are manufactured by industry until they are subject to major repairs or until they are completely worn out.
In part (connection), in the process of planning the operation of weapons and military equipment and its repair, the following planning documents are developed:
1. Operational documents (ED) are intended to study the product and the rules of its operation.
The ED nomenclature for specific types of weapons and equipment intended for self-training is agreed with the customer.
The mandatory operational documents for a weapon model in accordance with GOST 2.601.68 include:
Technical description (TO);
Operating Instructions (IE);
Form or passport;
Spare Parts Sheets;
List of operational documents (ED).
For a complex system such as an air defense missile system, the following are additionally being developed:
General technical description (TO) of the entire system;
General operating instructions (IE);
System maintenance instructions;
Summary statement of ED for the system.
2. Repair documents are working design documents intended for the preparation of repair production, repair and control of the product after repair.
The set of repair documentation should include: general repair manual; Medium Repair Guide; catalog of parts and prefabricated units; consumption standards for spare parts; material consumption standards;
additional operational documentation. The additional ED includes a number of documents recommending ways to quickly eliminate failures and malfunctions, containing mainly information on the design and operating rules of single samples.
3. Official (departmental) documents. They clarify the specifics of the operation of weapons and military equipment of the RF Ministry of Defense, and provide instructions and recommendations on issues. These documents can be: charters, manuals, manuals, rules, regulations, instructions, orders, directives, recommendations, etc.
As an example, we can list the following orders of the RF Ministry of Defense concerning the procedure for operating weapons and military equipment, without indicating the order number and date, since they change:
on the introduction of standards for military reserves of missile defense systems in formations and units of air defense forces; procedure for using automotive equipment;
implementation of the guidelines for technical support in operations (army, navy); putting into operation, operation of BT for peacetime;
implementation of guidelines for organizing comprehensive maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment; the introduction of standards for resources and overhaul periods for the operation of RAVs until medium or major overhauls;
the procedure for inspecting troops and naval forces;
introduction into force of the manual for checking and assessing the state of weapons and military equipment in the RF Armed Forces; orders for provision of spare parts and accessories.
Note. Documentation for operation and repair can be statutory, administrative, operational, repair, planning, accounting and reporting, etc.
Weapons and equipment maintenance system
Under maintenance system should be understood as a set of interconnected forces and means, maintenance documentation necessary to maintain and restore the quality of weapons and equipment included in this system.
Maintenance forces are crew members, as well as personnel of maintenance and repair units involved in planning, organizing, conducting and monitoring maintenance work on weapons and military equipment during their operation.
Maintenance equipment includes spare parts and accessories, materials, equipment and fittings for mobile and stationary workshops.
Documentation includes orders, directives, manuals, instructions that define the main provisions for organizing and carrying out maintenance work on weapons and military equipment. The documentation determines the types of maintenance, the scope of work performed during these types, and the frequency of their implementation.
Maintenance of weapons and military equipment is a set of works to maintain the serviceability or performance of a sample of weapons and military equipment during preparation and use for its intended purpose, during storage and transportation.
Maintenance strategy is a system of rules for managing the technical condition of weapons and military equipment during the maintenance process.
A maintenance program is a document that establishes strategies, quantitative characteristics of types of weapons and military equipment maintenance, and the procedure for their adjustment throughout the resource (service life).
The main objectives of the weapons and military equipment maintenance system are:
Prevention of degradation processes occurring in weapons and military equipment;
Assessment of the state of weapons and military equipment;
Maintaining weapons and military equipment in readiness for intended use;
Determining the need for weapons and military equipment for maintenance and its timely implementation;
Minimizing the costs of operating weapons and military equipment.
The tasks of the maintenance system determine the implementation of special measures, which include the following operations: auxiliary, control and testing, adjustment and tuning, and preventive.
Auxiliary operations are intended to prepare weapons and military equipment, tools, control and measuring equipment (KIA) and the workplace for the main activities, as well as to bring a sample of weapons and military equipment to its original state after all work has been completed.
Inspection work consists of measuring and monitoring the technical parameters of weapons and military equipment and their operating modes to determine readiness for use, as well as determining the need for its configuration, adjustment and repair.
Adjustment and adjustment work is intended to bring the parameters of the weapons and military equipment sample and its individual blocks (assemblies, systems) to the value specified by the ED. They are carried out based on the results of control and verification work without changing the elements of the circuit and design of the sample.
Preventative work is carried out in order to increase the reliability of the sample during the period of operation. This is achieved by predicting failures, as well as carrying out lubrication, fastening, and maintenance work.
In general, depending on the principle of assigning deadlines, maintenance can be divided into the following types: according to operating hours, according to calendar dates, with control of the reliability level, with control of parameters, in special cases.
Maintenance of military equipment consists of checking the completeness and serviceability of the technical condition, cleaning, lubricating and refilling with operating materials, setting up, adjusting and eliminating identified faults. In combat conditions, all types of maintenance are used.
For equipment and weapons of military air defense units and units, a planned preventive maintenance system has been adopted, in which, depending on the intended purpose of weapons and military equipment, the nature and operating conditions, the timing of their maintenance is established taking into account the operating time or calendar period.
For the planned preventative maintenance system, three maintenance principles are provided: scheduled, calendar, combined.
1. The regulatory principle provides for maintenance to be carried out after the weapon has reached a certain part of the service life established for it, regardless of the period of time during which this operating time will occur. Operating time can be measured in hours of operation, kilometers traveled, in the number of loadings, refuelings, shots, starts, etc.
This principle is used when working in difficult conditions, for devices that operate for a long time without interruption. The advantages of this type of maintenance are the relative simplicity of its design, planning and the absence of the need to develop special diagnostic algorithms. The disadvantage of such a maintenance system is that it complicates maintenance planning, since it is often difficult to pre-determine the moment when the weapon reaches its assigned resource.
This principle is implemented, for example, after a certain mileage of automobile or tracked vehicles.
2. With the calendar principle, maintenance is carried out at strictly defined intervals (daily, weekly, monthly, semi-annual, annual maintenance) without taking into account the operating time of weapons.
Most often, according to the calendar principle, maintenance is carried out on weapons when they are stored (the systems are not functioning) or when the intensity of wear depends mainly on the duration of storage and waiting (the dependence on operating time is small). In other words, the calendar principle does not take into account the intensity of the use of weapons and military equipment, but planning becomes very simple. For example, monthly routine maintenance on a rocket.
Thus, the difference between the regulatory and calendar principles lies in what time (operating time or calendar) the reliability characteristic depends on.
3. The combined principle of assigning maintenance dates is used for weapons and military equipment, the wear of which occurs both during operation and during storage, awaiting use. Such a maintenance system, to a certain extent, is devoid of the disadvantages of the first two, and is a combination of them. According to this principle, maintenance in service is carried out within established calendar periods and, in addition, when a certain part of the resource is exhausted.
In order to improve the quality indicators of the technical condition of weapons and military equipment throughout its life cycle while simultaneously reducing operating costs, maintenance with periodic monitoring is being introduced into the existing preventive maintenance system.
In connection with the introduction of maintenance with periodic monitoring, the following types of control of the technical condition of weapons and military equipment are being introduced: control inspection (CI), control and technical inspection (KTO), technical diagnostics (TD), instrumental defect detection of units, assemblies and parts during the repair of a sample of weapons and military equipment.
A control inspection is a set of operations carried out by the driver or the entire crew in order to determine the degree of readiness of the sample for its intended use.
Control and technical inspection is a set of operations carried out officials units and units in order to determine the technical condition of a sample of weapons and military equipment, as well as the volume of maintenance and repair according to the technical condition.
Technical diagnostics is a set of operations carried out by specialists of the repair department, a comprehensive technical commission of the unit in order to determine the technical condition of a sample of weapons and military equipment, as well as types of maintenance and repair, the moment of their start and location.
Instrumental defect detection of units, components and parts is carried out in order to determine the actual values of indicators, quality characteristics characterizing the technical condition of units, units and parts, and compare them with the requirements of normative and technical documentation (NTD) in order to assess the technical condition and residual life.
Types, frequency and volume of weapons and military equipment maintenance
The main types of technical maintenance of weapons and military equipment are:
By stages of operation: maintenance during use, maintenance during storage, maintenance during transportation;
Regulations for implementation: maintenance with periodic monitoring, regulatory and technical
technical service (RTO);
Frequency and volumes: daily (ETO), TO-1, TO-2, TO-1x, TO-2x,
TO-2x with re-preservation and control mileage;
Operating conditions: Seo, maintenance in special conditions.
Types of technical maintenance of weapons and military equipment, characteristics of types of monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment and weapons and military equipment maintenance systems are given in the appendix. 1 and 2.
The frequency of types of maintenance of weapons and military equipment (except for weapons and chemical warfare equipment, arms and military equipment of the engineering troops, and rear equipment) is determined by the frequency of maintenance and repair of the main components of the equipment.
The frequency of maintenance of samples and means of NBC protection, equipment and weapons of engineering troops and logistics equipment is determined by the frequency of maintenance and repair of automobile and armored weapons mobility.
For samples of weapons and military equipment mounted on vehicle trailers, the frequency of maintenance is determined by the frequency of maintenance of the main component.
Planning and organization of weapons and military equipment maintenance
Maintenance of weapons and military equipment is organized by the deputy unit commander for armaments (ZKV). Orders of the unit commander and deputy commander for armaments on the organization of weapons and military equipment maintenance are mandatory for lower-level commanders and heads of unit services.
Responsibility for organizing comprehensive maintenance of weapons and military equipment rests with the commander of the military unit, the military commander, service chiefs, and unit commanders.
The need for weapons and military equipment maintenance is planned based on annual resource consumption standards, storage periods, established maintenance frequency, combat and mobilization training plans, as well as based on the results of monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment samples and their components.
Control inspection and technical maintenance of weapons and military equipment are not planned. CTO, technical diagnostics (TD), TO-1, TO-1x, TO-2, TO-2x, maintenance No. 2x with re-preservation and control mileage, CEO, RTO of weapons and military equipment in peacetime are planned.
Maintenance with periodic monitoring of weapons and military equipment in the unit is organized and carried out in accordance with the annual plan for monitoring the technical condition, the monthly plan for carrying out technical maintenance and technical inspection, developed by the deputy commander of the unit for weapons.
The frequency of carrying out CTO and TD VVT is indicated in the appendix. 1, while the list of operations by type of technical condition control is determined by the general customer in the scientific and technical documentation.
Simultaneously with the CTO and TD, maintenance is carried out with periodic monitoring. The scope of maintenance is determined based on the results of monitoring the technical condition of the weapons and military equipment sample.
Numbered maintenance, seasonal and regulated maintenance are reflected by service chiefs in operation and repair plans in accordance with the established frequency and volume of their implementation and are combined in time and place with the next maintenance or technical maintenance. At the same time, the scope of their implementation can be clarified based on the results of monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment samples.
In order to comprehensively monitor the technical condition and maintenance of weapons and military equipment, the following planning documents are being developed:
An annual plan for monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment with technical inspection carried out by specialists from the repair department and the unit’s comprehensive technical commission;
Monthly plan of CTO and TD VVT;
Monthly task plan for the repair department;
Schedule of maintenance and repair of weapons and military equipment for the repair unit for a month.
The services of the military unit develop long-term, annual and monthly plans for the operation and repair of weapons and military equipment.
As an appendix to the annual plan for monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment, the unit's metrologist develops a schedule for submitting measuring instruments for periodic verification, as well as extracts from the schedules of higher-level metrological services.
Repair system and determination of time between repairs
Timely and high-quality repair of weapons and equipment is one of the main means of maintaining them in constant combat readiness.
Repair is understood as a set of operations to restore the serviceability or performance of equipment and weapons and restore the resources of samples or their components.
The system of maintenance and repair of weapons and military equipment in the RF Armed Forces establishes the following types of repairs:
Current repairs (TR);
Medium repair (SR);
Overhaul (CR).
Current repairs are carried out in order to ensure or restore the operability of a sample of weapons and military equipment that has failed due to limited technical reliability or minor damage, by replacing or restoring individual parts. It is carried out by personnel of the maintenance and repair units of the unit (formation) with the involvement of crews and mobile repair teams.
Medium repairs are carried out in order to restore operability or serviceability and partially service life by repairing or replacing components of a limited range. In peacetime, it is carried out at repair enterprises of the military district and center.
In wartime, complex SR is carried out in the repair departments (RO) of the army (front); a specialized SR for SPV (and in the presence of spare parts and specialists for RAV) - in the RO of the connection. In the RO parts, individual SR operations can be performed when supplying components that require replacement and involving specialists from a higher repair body. It is carried out after the established operating time has expired or after receiving moderate combat damage. With SR, the sample resource is restored by 40-60%;
Major repairs are carried out in order to restore serviceability and service life close to full, after an established operating time or when receiving severe combat damage. Both in peacetime and in wartime, it is carried out at repair enterprises of the military district, center or industrial plants. During CR, any components, including basic ones, are replaced or restored. As a result of the CR, the resource of arms and military equipment is restored by 90-95%.
The period (resource, operating time) during operation of a model of military equipment between two scheduled repairs of the same type is called overhaul time. This period (operating time) before or between SR or KR is determined for a specific sample of weapons and military equipment.
Depending on the operating conditions and the number of previously carried out repairs, the nominal basic values of the overhaul life are adjusted by multiplying it by the coefficient K:
For RAV K = K1*K2.
Coefficient K1 takes into account the change in service life and service life before repair depending on climatic conditions (temperature and air humidity) when operating RAV samples in various climatic zones and areas of military districts. K1 values for various climatic zones are given in table. 27.
The weighted average value of the coefficient K1 for the climatic zones in which the RAV was operated is determined by the formula:
where K1 1, K1 2,..,K1 p - the value of the coefficients for the climatic zones in which the RAV was operated; 4,--,4 - duration of operation of the RAV in the corresponding climatic zones.
Coefficient K2, which takes into account the change in service life before repair depending on the storage conditions of RAV samples, is in the range of 0.8-1.0. The weighted average value of the coefficients K2 is determined similarly to K1.
The numerical value of the coefficients K1 and K2 is recorded in the sample form in the “Special Notes” section.
The adjustment of the overhaul period (lifetime) for an AT is determined by the coefficient K = K1K2K3, where K1 is a coefficient that takes into account the natural climatic zone and is in the range of 0.7-1.0; K2 takes into account road operating conditions, its value is in the range of 0.6-1.0; K3 takes into account the type of machines and the nature of their use. Its values are in the range of 0.6-1.0.
The values of K1, K2, K3 for automotive vehicles (AT) are established by the head of the district (army) automobile service for each formation and unit and are recorded in the form in the “Special Notes” section.
Basic values of between-repair resources (terms) for AT and armored weapons and equipment (ATV) are determined by governing documents. Adjustment factors for armored vehicles are not established.
Determining the type of repair
The types of repairs can be: at the venue; by volume of restoration work; according to the degree of impact on the sample; according to the principles of implementation.
Depending on the location, repairs are divided into military and factory.
Military repair is the repair of weapons and military equipment in places where a military unit is located or based by the forces and means of operating units or teams of repair enterprises (industrial plants).
Factory repair is a repair carried out at repair plants or manufacturing plants; upon transfer there, the sample is removed from service.
Based on the volume of restoration work, repairs of weapons and military equipment are divided into specialized and complex.
By specialized we mean the repair of a sample of weapons and military equipment, carried out according to separate nomenclatures of its components.
Comprehensive repair is a repair that is carried out according to all the nomenclatures of the component parts of the sample, combined by the place and time of its implementation.
According to the principles of implementation, there are regulated repair and repair according to technical condition.
Scheduled repairs are planned repairs that are carried out at intervals and in the volume established by the ED, regardless of the technical condition of the weapons and military equipment sample at the time of the start of repairs.
Repair based on technical condition is a repair in which control of the technical condition is carried out at intervals and to the extent established in the normative and technical documentation, and the scope of control and the moment when repairs begin are determined by the technical condition of the sample of weapons and military equipment.
Methods for carrying out routine repairs
During routine repairs of weapons and military equipment, the following methods are used:
Replacement of a non-repairable element;
Replacement of an element with its subsequent restoration;
Connecting a backup element;
Carrying out preventative maintenance.
1. The first repair method is used in case of failure of non-repairable elements: squibs, connecting elements, seals, electric lamps, etc. Repair consists of replacing the failed element with a serviceable one from a single or group of spare parts.
Single electric lamps, piston rings, etc. are not optimal non-recoverable elements in terms of volume and composition, since a lot of time is spent on finding and eliminating their malfunctions and finding faults is only accessible to highly qualified service personnel.
Replacing a unit or block is more economical than restoring it, so advanced equipment is designed in a modular design; built-in module failure indicators almost eliminate the need for highly qualified personnel. However, the use of a modular design involves the inclusion of individual elements as matching elements of the circuit. Therefore, maintenance personnel must know the signs of malfunctions and how to detect them.
2. Repair by replacement and subsequent restoration of an element (aggregate replacement method) is carried out to increase the readiness of weapons and military equipment. In this case, modules, blocks and assemblies are used as restored elements. This repair method, compared to the first, provides a significant reduction in the time of inactivity of weapons and military equipment (repair time), and therefore increases the availability factor (Kg) of the equipment:
Kg = To / (To + Tv),
where To is the time of failure-free operation; TV - recovery time.
Repair time is reduced by simplifying the search for the faulty part (element), as well as by reducing replacement time. The limitation of this method is the increase in the cost of spare parts components due to the large number of expensive spare blocks, modules, and assemblies. The increase in cost must be compensated by the gain in the degree of readiness of the equipment for use.
3. Repair by connecting a backup element is a type of repair without disconnecting the equipment. The spare element is installed in advance. If the main element fails, its functions are performed by a spare one.
The actual troubleshooting work on the main element is delayed until some point in the future. As in the second case, the use of this method is associated with high economic costs. In addition, this repair method is accompanied by an increase in the complexity of the device circuit, as well as a complication of control due to the need to check backup circuits.
