The manufacturing enterprise is the basis of the economy. Industrial enterprise as the basis of production activity The production of homogeneous products by an enterprise is called

The result of labor often appears in material form - in the form of products. Products manufactured at the enterprise at different stages of the technological process are in the form of work in progress, semi-finished product or finished product (product).

Finished products - These are products of an industrial enterprise that have been completed in production, comply with state standards or technical specifications, are accepted by the technical control department, are provided with documents certifying quality and are intended for external sales.

Semi-finished products - These are intermediate products, the technical processing of which is completed in one of the production facilities (shops) of the enterprise, but requires further development or processing in an adjacent production (another workshop) of the same enterprise, or which can be transferred for further processing to other enterprises.

Unfinished production - These are products that have not received a finished form within production, as well as products that have not been checked by the quality control department and have not been delivered to the finished goods warehouse.

Products of labor are divided into means of production (means of labor and objects of labor) and consumer goods (food and non-food products).

Planning and accounting for production of products is carried out in natural (physical) and cost (monetary) measures. Measurements of production volume in physical terms are physical units (t, pcs, m), conventional natural (thousands of conventional cans, conventional sheets of slate and pieces of brick) and double natural indicators (production of pipes - in t and m, fabrics - m and sq. .m).

The degree of satisfaction of market needs characterizes the volume of goods of a certain nomenclature and assortment.

Nomenclature - This is an enlarged list of products manufactured by the enterprise, and the assortment characterizes its composition by types, types, varieties and other characteristics.

The volume of production in value terms is determined by the following indicators:

1. Commercial products- this is the cost of products intended for sale (finished products, semi-finished products, works and services of a production nature).

2. Gross output- this is the sum of the cost of all types of products produced by the enterprise and, in addition to the elements included in the commercial products, includes changes in work in progress balances during the billing period, the cost of raw materials and customer materials and some other elements.

3. Clean products characterizes the newly created value as a result of the industrial and production activities of the enterprise for a certain period. It is determined by subtracting material costs and the amount of depreciation from the volume of gross output;

4. Products sold- this is the cost of products sold to third parties and paid by the buyer in the reporting period.

Manufacturing program - This is a task for the production and sale of products in an assortment of appropriate quality in physical and value terms for a certain period (year, quarter, month).

The production program predetermines the tasks for commissioning new production facilities, the need for material and raw materials, the number of workers, etc. It is closely related to the financial plan, the plan for production costs, profits and profitability.

Industrial enterprises formulate their production program independently on the basis of consumer demand identified in the process of studying the market; portfolio of orders (contracts) for products and services; government orders and own needs.

The production program consists of three sections:

1. Product production plan in physical terms- establishes the volume of production of products of appropriate quality according to nomenclature and assortment in physical units of measurement (t, m, pcs). It is determined based on the complete and best satisfaction of consumer demand and achieving maximum use of production capacity;

2. Product production plan in value terms in terms of gross, commercial and net production;

3. Product sales plan in physical and value terms. It is compiled based on concluded contracts for the supply of products, as well as semi-finished products, components and parts under cooperation agreements with other enterprises, as well as our own assessment of market capacity. The volume of products sold is calculated on the basis of the volume of marketable products, taking into account changes in the balance of products in the warehouse and those shipped but not paid for by customers at the beginning and end of the planned year. But the volume of product sales is also affected by changes in the quality of products and the prices for products and services in force at the enterprise.

The initial data for determining the maximum possible output for a year is the average annual production capacity of the enterprise and its utilization rate. Often, meeting market needs requires the introduction of new additional capacities through technical re-equipment, reconstruction or expansion of the enterprise.

Product quality – This is a set of properties of a product that determine its suitability to meet certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

A product quality indicator is a quantitative characteristic of one or more properties of a product that constitute its quality and is considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation, operation or consumption.

To determine the quality of products manufactured at the enterprise apply a system of general indicators, which includes:

• the share of fundamentally new (progressive) products in their total volume;
• product range renewal coefficient;
• the share of manufactured products for which certificates have been obtained;
• share of manufacturing defects;
• relative volume of seasonal goods sold at reduced prices, etc.

The main elements of the product quality management mechanism at the enterprise are: standardization and certification of products; internal quality systems; state supervision of compliance with standards, norms and rules; in-production and technical quality control.

Standardization – it is the establishment and application of rules to regulate activities in a particular industry.

Standardization covers the establishment of:

a) units of measurement, terms and designations;

b) requirements for the quality of products, raw materials, materials and production processes;

c) a unified system of product quality indicators, methods of testing and control;

d) requirements ensuring the safety of work and life of people, as well as the safety of material assets;

e) unified systems for classification and coding of products, information carriers, forms and methods of organizing production, etc.

Standardization is based on standards and technical specifications.

Standard is called a regulatory and technical document that establishes requirements for groups of homogeneous products, and, if necessary, for specific products, rules that ensure their development, production and use.

Depending on the scope, content and level of approval, regulatory and technical documents are divided into: state standards (GOST), industry standards (OST), standards of scientific, technical and engineering partnerships, enterprise standards (SP), as well as international standards.

Specifications - regulatory and technical document establishing requirements for specific products (models, brands).

Certification - This is the establishment of product compliance with specific standards (mainly international - ISO 9000 series) or technical specifications and the issuance of the corresponding document (certificate).

Certification is the most important factor in improving products, an effective mechanism for managing their quality, which makes it possible to objectively assess its competitiveness, suitability, and compliance with environmental requirements.

State quality supervision is carried out by the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification and its territorial bodies - centers of standardization, metrology and certification.

In-production technical control at the enterprise is carried out by the technical control department (QCD), the main task of which is to ensure the required level of quality, recorded in regulatory and technical documents, by directly checking each product and purposefully influencing the conditions and factors that form it.

The main tasks of product quality management at an enterprise at the present stage are:

• systematically bringing the level of product quality to existing, emerging or predicted market needs, as well as targeted influence on the development of needs;
• ensuring the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets;
• determination of tasks for the modernization of manufactured products and the creation of new types of products;
• determining the composition of target quality programs, etc.

A production enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable, with the help of the means of production at its disposal, to produce the products needed by consumers (perform work, provide services) for the appropriate purpose, profile and assortment. Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for production purposes.

Internal environment of the enterprise- these are people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of the components of the internal environment is the finished product (work, services).

The basis of the enterprise is made up of people who are characterized by a certain professional composition, qualifications, and interests. These are managers, specialists, workers. The results of the enterprise depend on their efforts and skills. It is clear that people cannot work in an empty place. They need means of production: fixed assets with which products are made, and working capital from which these products are created.

To pay for the supply of necessary materials, equipment, energy resources, to pay wages to employees and make other payments, the enterprise needs money that accumulates in its bank account and partly in the cash desk of the enterprise.

Information is important for the operation of an enterprise: commercial, technical and operational. With the help of information, all components of an operating enterprise are linked into a single synchronously functioning complex aimed at producing a given type of product, corresponding quantity and quality.

The main task of the collective of workers of each enterprise is the production of products in demand by society High Quality with the fullest use of production resources (equipment, raw materials, materials, fuel, electricity, equipment and other means of production), as well as with the efficient use of working time. The basis for solving this problem is the continuous improvement of equipment, technology and organization of labor and production.

Each enterprise is a single production and technical organism. Production and technical unity- the most important feature of the enterprise. It is determined by the general purpose of the manufactured product or its production processes and creates conditions for qualified and efficient management of the enterprise.

An enterprise may consist of technologically homogeneous workshops or sections (spinning shops at a spinning factory, workshops for small, large and other types of casting at a foundry); from technologically diverse workshops or areas, as a result of the joint efforts of which certain products are produced (foundry, forging, thermal, mechanical and other workshops of machine-building plants; spinning, weaving and finishing shops of textile factories; blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling shops of metallurgical plants, etc. .).

An essential feature that unites an enterprise into a single organism is availability of common auxiliary facilities, serving all parts of the enterprise, as well as the unity of the territory (the latter in some cases, for example at factories, is not necessary). General auxiliary facilities and the unity of the territory create closer ties between the individual parts of the enterprise.

The enterprise also has organizational unity, which means the presence of a single management, accounting, and development strategy.

An important feature characterizing an enterprise is its economic unity, i.e. the unity of the team of workers employed on it, the commonality of material, technical and financial resources, as well as the economic results of the work.

The enterprise is endowed with the rights of a legal entity, i.e. it can enter into contractual relations with other organizations and is responsible for the fulfillment of its obligations.

Thus, an enterprise is an organization owned by the state or private individuals, created for the purpose of producing certain products, systematically developing, possessing production, technical, organizational and economic unity, endowed with the rights of a legal entity and operating on a commercial basis.

Under type of production understand the complex characteristics of the organization, technology and economics of production. The type of production is influenced by a number of factors: breadth of product range and level of specialization, scale of production, stability of products, etc.

There are three types of production: single, serial and mass. (1) Single production characterized by a small (piece) volume of production of a diverse and inconsistent range of products of limited consumption. As a rule, re-production and repair of these products are not provided. (2) Mass production characterized by the simultaneous production in series of a wide range of homogeneous products, the release of which is repeated over a long period of time. In this case, a series is understood as the release of a number of structurally identical products launched into production in batches (series), simultaneously or sequentially, continuously during a certain planning period. (3) Mass production is characterized by continuity and a relatively long period of production of a limited range of homogeneous products in significant quantities.

Comparative characteristics of production types are presented in table. 11.1. As can be seen from the table, single, small-scale production is characterized by the production of parts and products of an unlimited, wide range. This type of production must be quite flexible; there is no repeatability of output; sequential transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is used.

Table 11.1. Comparative characteristics of production types

Comparable sign	Type of production
	Unit	Serial	Mass
Nomenclature and volume of production	Unlimited range of custom parts	Wide range of parts manufactured in batches	Limited range of parts produced in large volumes
Repeatability of release	Absent	Repeats periodically	Constantly repeats itself
Applicable equipment	Universal	Universal, partially special	Mostly special
Assigning operations to machines	Absent	A limited number of detail operations are assigned	One or two operations are fixed
Location equipment	By groups of similar machines	By groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts	During the technological process of processing parts
Transferring items of labor from operation to operation	Sequential	Parallel sequential	Parallel
Form of organization of the production process	Technological	Subject, group, flexible subject	Straightforward

Source: Organization of production and enterprise management: Textbook / Ed. O.G. Turovets. 3rd ed. M.: INFRA-M, 2011. P. 165.

The equipment and accessories used here are universal, which ensures the production of parts of the required wide range. The operations involve highly skilled workers as they have to perform a variety of jobs. Production areas here are arranged according to a technological principle, and equipment is arranged in homogeneous groups. In conditions of single, small-scale production, the requirements for operational production planning increase. Here it is necessary to exercise strict control over the passage of each part through the operations of the production process. Difficulties also arise in ensuring the fullest possible utilization of jobs.

In conditions of single, small-scale production, the cost of manufacturing parts and the product as a whole increases relatively. First of all, due to the high labor intensity and, consequently, the high share of costs for wages workers in the cost structure. Therefore, the main task is, whenever possible, to use serial methods of organizing production and labor, mainly through the use of constructive identity of component parts, assemblies and products as a whole.

Mass production characterized by a wide range of parts manufactured in batches and series. The production of such parts is repeated periodically, which allows the use of special, more high-performance equipment along with universal ones. The transfer of objects of labor is carried out in a parallel-sequential, more productive method, a limited number of detail operations are assigned to the machines, and the equipment itself is arranged in groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts. As a result, in the conditions of mass production, the labor intensity of manufacturing products and their cost are reduced compared to single production: faster processing of parts makes it possible to reduce the volume of work in progress. The serial type of production organization is approaching the in-line, mass type.

Mass production - the most efficient and highly productive. Its main advantage is a limited range of parts, manufactured in significant volumes and constantly repeated. This allows the use of special, high-performance equipment, which is located along the technological process of processing parts. In such conditions, it becomes possible to mechanize and automate production processes as much as possible and use automatic production lines. Each machine is assigned one or two operations, which can use semi-skilled workers. Parallel transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is widely used.

At the same time, in the conditions of mass production, the importance of clear operational production planning and ensuring the rhythm of production increases. Therefore, mass production is the most productive; the cost of manufactured products is relatively low.

Naturally, the use of one or another type of production is dictated by the characteristics of the nomenclature and the volume of products planned for production. At the same time, one should strive to use elements of serial production in single production and mass production in serial production.

The basis of the production activity of the economy is industrial enterprise, or production system (PS) - a part of the production process, isolated as a result of the division of labor in the form of a specialized economic unit, capable of independently or jointly with other parts, satisfying consumer demands.

The role of an enterprise in the economy is due to the fact that it is a “wealth generator” of society:

• generates goods and purchasing power to purchase them;
• supports the expansion of social infrastructure and provides a return on capital;
• creates jobs at home, suppliers, and in the public sector;
• ensures your own growth.

The specific content of production activity management is, in particular:

• selection and justification of the production structure of the enterprise, its production capacity, specialization of workshops, organization of areas, workplaces;
• determining the composition of equipment taking into account its technical and economic characteristics; organization of technical training and Maintenance production;
• determination and management of the personnel of the enterprise; selection and organization of production based on the interests of market consumers;
• obtaining as a result of production the required ratio of economic results (profit and costs);
• determination and organization of the rational movement of objects of labor, the rate of production and launch of the entire range of products;
• organization of material and technical supply of production, based on its uninterrupted functioning;

The enterprise consists of workshops, departments, services, etc., performing certain functions, which are elements of the production structure of the enterprise.

Production structure of the enterprise- this is a set of production units of an enterprise (shops, services) that are part of it, and the forms of connections between them.

The production structure depends on the type of product and its nomenclature, the type of production and forms of its specialization, on the features technological processes. Moreover, the latter are the most important factor determining the production structure of the enterprise.

A production structure is essentially a form of organization of the production process. It distinguishes production divisions:

• main;
• auxiliary;
• serving.

In the workshops (divisions) of the main production, objects of labor are transformed into finished products.

Shops (divisions) of auxiliary production provide conditions for the functioning of the main production (providing tools, energy, equipment repair).

Service production divisions provide main and auxiliary production with transport, warehouses (storage), technical control, etc.

Thus, the enterprise is divided into main, auxiliary and service workshops and production facilities.

In turn, the main production shops (in mechanical engineering, instrument making) are divided into:

• procurement;
• processing;
• assembly

Procurement shops carry out preliminary shaping of product parts (casting, hot stamping, cutting blanks, etc.)

In the processing shops, mechanical, thermal, chemical-thermal, galvanic, welding, paint and varnish coatings, etc. are processed.

In assembly shops, assembly units and products are assembled, adjusted, adjusted, and tested.

Based on the production structure, a master plan of the enterprise is developed, i.e. spatial arrangement of all workshops and services, as well as paths and communications on the territory of the plant. At the same time, the direct flow of material flows must be ensured. Workshops must be located in the sequence of the production process.

Shop- this is the main structural production unit of an enterprise, administratively separate and specializing in the production of a certain part or products or in the performance of technologically homogeneous or identical-purpose work. Shops are divided into sections, which represent a group of workplaces united according to certain characteristics.

Workshops and sections are created according to the principle of specialization:

• technological;
• subject;
• subject-closed;
• mixed.

Technological specialization based on the unity of the applied technological processes. This ensures high equipment utilization, but makes operational and production planning difficult, and lengthens the production cycle due to increased transport operations. Technological specialization is used mainly in single and small-scale production.

Rice. 1 Production structure of an enterprise with technological specialization (fragment)

Subject specialization is based on concentrating the activities of workshops (sections) on the production of homogeneous products. This allows you to concentrate the production of a part or product within a workshop (site), which creates the prerequisites for organizing direct-flow production, simplifies planning and accounting, and shortens the production cycle. Subject specialization is typical for large-scale and mass production.

Fig 2 Production structure of an enterprise with subject specialization (fragment)

If a complete production cycle of a part or product is carried out within a workshop or site, this division is called subject-closed.

Shops (sites) organized according to the subject-closed principle of specialization have significant economic advantages, since this reduces the duration of the production cycle as a result of the complete or partial elimination of counter or return movements, reduces the loss of time for equipment readjustment, and simplifies the planning and operational management system progress of production.

A comparison of production structures for technological and subject specialization is shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The production structure of the workshop is shown in Fig. 3.

The main type of production units are workshops where a certain part of the production process is carried out. They can be procurement (for example, foundry, forging, pressing); processing (thermal, galvanic), assembly. At large enterprises, workshops are combined into production facilities (buildings), while at the same time, small enterprises (workshops) may not have workshops at all.

Medium and large workshops have more than 50 pieces of equipment and more than 100 employees and have a rather complex structure, depending on the characteristics of the technology.

Fig. 3 Production structure of the workshop

Thus, a workshop of a machine-building enterprise consists of services (control room, technological, economic) and production areas, which can be technologically or subject-specific specialized. In the first case, each section performs a certain set of operations on dissimilar parts; in the second - heterogeneous operations on homogeneous parts.

Enterprises are characterized by: production and technical unity, organizational and administrative independence and economic isolation (full or partial).

The basis production and technical unity constitutes a complex of related and complementary industries that together form a complete whole. This complex has a commonality of consumed raw materials, materials, technological processes, based on the interaction of which final products and services are created.

The essence organizational and administrative independence consists in the fact that the enterprise, represented by its management, within the limits of the powers granted to it, makes and implements decisions regarding the mechanism and the results of its functioning, and the activities of its personnel. Most often, such independence is supported by the right of a legal entity.

Economic isolation enterprise means that it owns a certain amount of fixed and working capital; it reveals the final financial results of its activities - profits or losses; has the ability, within established limits, to independently manage financial resources (net profit, accumulated depreciation, loans), has a bank account, and an integrated accounting and reporting system.

The enterprise is created on the basis resource systems: spatial, technical, technological, personnel, information, financial, within the framework of which each of them can reveal its potential only in connection with others. Their composition, structure and quality characteristics reflect the production profile of the enterprise, determine the maximum production capabilities, and limit the product range.

The set of products that can be produced without significant changes in the composition, structure, and quality characteristics of available resources characterizes the breadth of the production profile.

A narrow profile, that is, a limited product range, allows the use of high-performance non-specialized equipment, obtaining the effect of production scale, but makes it conservative and inert. At the same time, the excessive breadth of the production profile leads to the need for significant investments in the material and technical base of the enterprise to give it flexibility and maneuverability.

Enterprises are classified according to various criteria:

• to size;
• on the scope of functioning and the nature of the products;
• by type of production processes;
• by degree of specialization;
• on the level of mechanization and automation of main production processes;
• on the technical and production base.

Enterprise size can be expressed by three main indicators: the volume of products produced or services provided; the magnitude of production potential, which is most often characterized by the cost of fixed capital; number of employees. In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the first two indicators are more preferable, because automation and computerization of production lead to a decrease in the number of employees with an increase in the scale of activity and production volumes.

Depending on the areas of functioning and character youlaunched products enterprises are divided into industrial, agricultural, transport, trade, etc.

By types of production processes are distinguished enterprises with mass (pencil factory), serial (house-building plant) and individual (shipyard) products.

Based degrees of specialization enterprises are distinguished: universal, producing a variety of and not necessarily technologically related products (machine-building production); specialized, producing homogeneous products or services (bearing plant); plants, the production process of which consists of separate processing stages (stages), at each of which a product is created in an independent complete form, allowing it to be used both within a given enterprise at subsequent stages of production, and to transfer it to other enterprises. For example, at metallurgical plants, iron ore is successively produced into cast iron, steel, and rolled products, which are intended for both internal consumption and external sales.

Taking into account level of mechanization and automation of the main proproduction processes we can talk about automated enterprises, where the role of people is reduced to monitoring and control of equipment (for example, chemical plants, power plants); complexly mechanized, in which a person directly controls its work, which is typical for modern mechanical engineering; partially mechanized, work on which requires the personnel to exert certain physical efforts associated, say, with placing a part on a machine, removing waste, etc.

In general, the type of enterprise is determined, first of all, by the composition and structure of its technical and production base, which we will now move on to get acquainted with.

1.1. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE

Manufacturing enterprise- this is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable, with the help of the means of production at its disposal, to produce the products needed by consumers (perform work, provide services) for the appropriate purpose, profile and assortment. Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for production purposes.

Rice. 1.1. Manufacturing enterprise

Internal environment of the enterprise- these are people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of the components of the internal environment is the finished product (work performed, services provided) (Fig. 1.1).

External environment, which directly determines the efficiency of the enterprise, are, first of all, consumers of products, suppliers of production components, as well as government agencies and the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2 External environment of the manufacturing enterprise

From a purely legal side, according to the law Russian Federation enterprise is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law to produce products and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit.

The most important tasks of an operating enterprise are:

Receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise;

Providing consumers with the company's products;

Providing enterprise personnel wages, normal working conditions and opportunities for professional growth;

Creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;

Environmental protection: land, air and water basins;

Preventing disruptions in the operation of the enterprise (delivery failure, production of defective products, sharp reduction in volumes and reduction in production profitability).

The objectives of the enterprise are determined by:

Owner's interests;

Amount of capital;

The situation inside the enterprise;

External environment (Fig. 1.3).

The right to set tasks for the personnel of the enterprise remains with the owner, regardless of his status - a private individual, government agencies or shareholders.

The owner, based on his own interests, goals, priorities, not only has the right, but is forced to formulate and set tasks for the enterprise team - otherwise someone else will do it instead of him in his own interests.

Rice. 1.3. Formation of an enterprise

The most important task of an enterprise in all cases is to generate income through the sale of manufactured products (work performed, services provided) to consumers. Based on the income received, the social and economic needs of the workforce and owners of the means of production are satisfied.

The body that formulates and specifies any economic task is obliged to take into account the real conditions of its implementation, taking into account the functions that the enterprise performs.

Regardless of the form of ownership, the enterprise operates, as a rule, on the terms of full economic accounting, self-sufficiency and self-financing. It independently enters into contracts with consumers of products, including receiving government orders, and also enters into contracts and makes payments with suppliers of the necessary production resources.

The main functions of a manufacturing enterprise include:

Manufacturing of products for industrial and personal consumption;

Sales and delivery of products to consumers;

Product after-sales service;

Logistics support for production at the enterprise;

Management and organization of personnel labor at the enterprise;

Comprehensive development and growth of production volumes at the enterprise;

Entrepreneurship;

Paying taxes, making mandatory and voluntary contributions and payments to the budget and other financial bodies;

Compliance with current standards, regulations, and state laws.

The functions of the enterprise are specified and specified depending on:

Enterprise size;

Industry affiliation;

Degrees of specialization and cooperation;

Availability of social infrastructure;

Forms of ownership;

Relations with local authorities.

The enterprise bears full responsibility to the financial authorities for the timely transfer of taxes and other payments, and covers all damages and losses from its own income. Using proceeds from the sale of products (services), it pays expenses for the organization and development of production, as well as for the purchase of raw materials, supplies, and labor.

The administration and personnel of the enterprise are obliged to constantly ensure that the products they produce are of sufficiently high quality and not too expensive. Both are necessary to conquer and retain the sales market. Products of low quality, as well as those that are too expensive, force the consumer to look for a supplier from whom they can purchase the same products with better quality indicators or at a lower price. In order not to lose consumers, the company’s specialists study product markets, take measures to accelerate scientific and technological progress, improve product quality, and reduce its cost. In fact, the fate of the state and development of the country's economy and politics is decided in the labor collectives of production enterprises.

1.2. THE ENTERPRISE IS THE CENTRAL UNIT OF INDUSTRY AND TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEXES

Enterprises specializing in the production of homogeneous products form the corresponding branches of material production, industry, Agriculture, construction, transport, etc. They make up the structure of industries, determine their profile and scale.

In addition, enterprises and organizations shape the size and territorial specialization of the cities, towns, regions, and territories in which they are located. Ensuring normal living, working and living conditions for the population is decided jointly with local authorities.

Consequently, enterprises and their teams represent the main elements from which both industrial and territorial complexes are formed - ministries, departments, as well as territories, regions, and cities are formed. Therefore, in all government documents, enterprises are considered as the main links of the national economic complex. The structure and procedure for managing the country's economy are built in such a way that they reflect the activities of almost all the main functional divisions of enterprises.

The task of the economic management system at all levels- from the cabinet of ministers to the director of the plant, the head of the workshop, the foreman - the same thing: the productive work of the personnel of each enterprise, that is, every employee at his workplace must do exactly what is needed by the enterprise team, the consumer of the product, and the country every minute.

Any undertaking of government bodies or scientific, commercial and other organizations is determined by the availability of material resources; any economic or technical decision takes on a real form only at a production enterprise, at the workplace of a factory specialist, employee, or worker. All previous work of administration, scientists, engineers outside enterprises is work with various information: scientific and technical, economic, social.

The above does not mean that outside enterprises there is no need for economic management bodies, scientific and intermediary organizations. On the contrary, they are necessary. Without the presence of such bodies, enterprises would not always be able to independently make a correct assessment of the technical level of production; determine preferred directions for production development; balance the demand of consumers for products with their production at enterprises; balance your own needs for raw materials, materials, tools with the possibility of obtaining them from suppliers. Not all enterprises, especially small ones, can improve production and improve product quality without outside help.

The point, therefore, is not to completely deprive government agencies of the right to interfere in the internal affairs of enterprises. This cannot be done at all with regard to state-owned enterprises. The property of such enterprises remains state property and is transferred to labor collectives only for self-supporting use, and not for private ownership. Therefore, operational state control is established over the work of enterprises and the efficiency of their activities, carried out by the relevant authorities.